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ISBN 10: B00SYVZ6ZG
ISBN 13: 978-1316230725
Author: Adam Szirmai
Why are poor countries poor and rich countries rich? How are wealth and poverty related to changes in health, life expectancy, education, population growth and politics? This non-technical introduction to development studies explores the dynamics of socio-economic development and stagnation in developing countries. Thoroughly updated and revised, this second edition includes new material on the effects of the 2008 financial crisis, the emergence of the BRICS economies, the role of institutions in development and the accelerated growth of economies in Africa and Asia. Taking a comparative approach, Szirmai places contemporary debates within their broader contexts and combines insights and theories from economics, economic history, political science, anthropology and sociology. Each chapter includes comparative statistics and time series for thirty-one developing countries. Assuming no prior knowledge of economics, this book is well-suited for students in interdisciplinary development studies and development economics, for policy-makers and for practitioners pursuing careers in developing countries. Visit www.dynamicsofdevelopment.com for additional resources.
Socio economic Development 2nd Table of contents:
1 Developing countries and the concept of development
1.1. Approaches to development
1.2. The development debate
1.3. Growth and development
1.4. Are growth and development desirable?
1.5. Development and Westernisation
1.6. Indicators of growth and development
1.7. Does the ‘Third World’ exist?
1.8. The gap between rich and poor countries
1.9. What do developing countries have in common?
1.10. The framework of proximate, intermediate and ultimate sources of growth and development
Questions for review
Further reading
2 Development of the international economic order
2.1. International economic order
2.2. Economic breakthrough and external expansion from Western Europe
2.2.1. Economic growth before 1500
2.2.2. Pre-modern international orders
2.2.3. China in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries
2.3. Why expansion from Europe instead of from China?
2.4. European expansion in the world
2.4.1. Types of international economic orders
2.4.2. The first wave of expansion, 1400–1815
2.4.3. The first wave of decolonisation
2.4.4. The second phase of European expansion, 1815–1913
2.4.5. The period 1870–1913
2.4.6. Migration flows
2.4.7. Non-colonised areas
2.4.8. Latecomers in the process of economic development
2.4.9. The period 1913–50
2.4.10. The period after the Second World War
2.4.11. Two perspectives on developments in the world economy, 1450–2015
2.5. Key issues in development
Questions for review
Further reading
3 Growth and stagnation: theories and experiences
3.1. What are the sources of growth and development?
3.2. Classical thinking about growth, development and stagnation
3.2.1. Adam Smith
3.2.2. The classical economists Ricardo, Malthus and Mill
3.2.3. Friedrich List
3.2.4. Classical sociologists: Spencer, Tönnies and Durkheim
3.2.5. Karl Marx
3.2.6. Theories of imperialism
3.2.7. Max Weber and Joseph Schumpeter
3.3. Internal and external approaches
3.4. Explanations of economic backwardness
3.4.1. Rostow’s theory of the stages of economic growth
3.4.2. Kuznets’ preconditions for industrialisation
3.4.3. Neoclassical theories of growth
3.4.4. Growth accounting
3.4.5. New growth theory
3.4.6. North and Thomas: efficient institutions
3.4.7. Myrdal: institutional reforms
3.4.8. Rodrik: identifying the binding constraints to growth
3.5. Explanations of underdevelopment
3.5.1. Neo-Marxist theories of underdevelopment
3.5.2. Structuralism and theories of unequal exchange
3.5.3. Underdevelopment theories: an evaluation
3.6. Combining internal and external influences
3.6.1. Advantages of technological backwardness
3.6.2. Evolutionary theories of economic change
3.7. Empirical study of development experiences
3.7.1. Growth of income per capita: can developing countries escape stagnation?
3.7.2. Investment: how important is capital?
3.7.3. Export performance
3.7.4. Can primary exporters become manufacturing exporters?
3.7.5. External finance: does money flow from poor to rich countries?
3.7.6. Are developing countries dominated by foreign interests?
3.7.7. Are developing countries capable of structural change?
3.7.8. How unequal is the income distribution?
Questions for review
Further reading
4 Technology and development
4.1. The role of technology
4.2. The technology race
4.3. Technological change and increases in productive capacity
4.3.1. How to increase labour productivity?
4.3.2. Investing in technological change
4.3.3. Diffusion of technology and absorptive capabilities
4.3.4. The knowledge economy: technology, productivity and competitiveness
4.4. Indicators for science, technology and innovation
4.5. Economic theories about the role of technological change revisited
4.6. Consequences of the acceleration of technological development for developing countries
4.6.1. Acceleration of global technological change
4.6.2. Knowledge gaps
4.6.3. New opportunities offered by technological development
4.6.4. New threats
4.7. International technology transfer and technology diffusion
4.7.1. International technology transfer
4.7.2. Intellectual property rights
4.7.3. Absorptive capacity
4.8. Biotechnology and information and communication technology
4.8.1. Biotechnology
4.8.2. Information and communication technology
4.9. National and international policy
Questions for review
Further reading
5 Population and development
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Perspectives on population growth
5.3. Growth of world population
5.4. The demographic transition
5.5. Demographic developments in developing countries
5.6. Socio-economic consequences of population growth
5.6.1. Pessimistic and optimistic perspectives
5.6.2. Malthusian analyses
5.6.3. The Neo-Malthusian trap
5.6.4. Growth of national income, growth of per capita income and the dependency ratio
5.6.5. Changes in the age structure and the demographic dividend
5.6.6. Dependency ratio and savings
5.6.7. Population growth and investment
5.6.8. Population growth, education and healthcare
5.6.9. Employment, income distribution and poverty
5.6.10. Population growth and the environment
5.6.11. Population growth and technological progress
5.6.12. Consequences of population growth: concluding remarks
5.7. Why do people in developing countries have so many children?
5.7.1. Introduction
5.7.2. Intermediate determinants of fertility: the Bongaarts model
5.7.3. Economic explanations of fertility
5.7.4. Cultural and institutional explanations of fertility
5.8. Policy
Questions for review
Further reading
6 Health, healthcare and development
6.1. The state of health in developing countries
6.1.1. Quantitative indicators of the state of health
6.1.2. Infant and child mortality
6.1.3. Life expectancy
6.1.4. Patterns of disease and health
6.1.5. Common infectious and parasitic diseases in developing countries
6.1.6. Epidemiological transition
6.2. Theoretical explanations of changes in health and morbidity
6.2.1. Factors affecting the state of health
6.2.2. Preston: per capita income and life expectancy
6.2.3. McKeown: the importance of nutrition
6.2.4. Preston and McKeown
6.2.5. The Mosley model and the importance of education
6.2.6. Caldwell: the importance of healthcare policy
6.2.7. Standards of living, education, medical technology and healthcare systems: a synthesis
6.3. Health and economic development
6.4. Healthcare policy
Questions for review
Further reading
7 Education and development
7.1. Theories of the contribution of education to economic development
7.1.1. ‘Human capital’ theory
7.1.2. Criticisms of human capital theory
7.1.3. Screening theory
7.1.4. Criticisms of screening theory
7.1.5. An evaluation of the human capital debate
7.1.6. Education as a necessary but not sufficient condition for development: thresholds and complementarities
7.2. Indicators of educational development
7.2.1. Indicators of educational enrolment
7.2.2. Educational attainments
7.2.3. Financial indicators
7.2.4. Physical indicators
7.2.5. Educational outcomes: literacy
7.2.6. Educational outcomes: cognitive skills
7.3. Educational performance in developing countries
7.3.1. The initial situation after the Second World War
7.3.2. Increases in educational enrolment
7.3.3. Education completed
7.3.4. Years of education per member of the population
7.3.5. Educational expenditures
7.3.6. Cognitive skills
7.3.7. Non-formal and informal education
7.3.8. Literacy
7.3.9. Nation building
7.3.10. Summary: comparison with developments in more developed countries
7.4. Problems and challenges
7.4.1. Discrepancies between educational needs and financial resources
7.4.2. The quality of education
7.4.3. Lack of relevance
7.4.4. Unequal access to education
7.4.5. Mismatch between education and the labour market
7.4.6. Education and the national innovation system
7.4.7. The knowledge economy: increased importance of tertiary education
7.4.8. Brain drain versus brain circulation
7.5. Policy
Questions for review
Further reading
8 Economic development, structural change and industrialisation
8.1. Economic development and structural transformation
8.1.1. Definitions of economic sectors
8.1.2. Structural change
8.2. Capital accumulation and structural change
8.2.1. Capital accumulation and industrialisation
8.2.2. Accumulation of industrial capital in open and closed models of the economy; early and late stages of development
8.3. The debate about engines of growth
8.3.1. Introduction
8.3.2. Manufacturing as the engine of growth
8.3.3. Is the agricultural sector a stagnant or a dynamic sector?
8.3.4. What about service-led growth?
8.3.5. Conclusion
8.4. Structural change in closed economies at early stages of development
8.4.1. The development of agriculture as a prerequisite for industrialisation at early stages of development
8.4.2. Historical examples of relationships between agriculture and industry
8.4.3. Conclusion
8.5. Open model: are primary exports an engine of growth and structural transformation?
8.5.1. Introduction
8.5.2. Intermezzo: comparative advantage and the role of trade in development
8.5.3. Primary exports between 1870 and 1913: vent for surplus
8.5.4. Can primary exports function as an engine of growth?
8.5.5. Export pessimism
8.5.6. Debates about export pessimism and export optimism
8.5.7. Concluding remarks
8.6. Closed model: interactions between agriculture and industry in later stages of development and structural change
8.6.1. Introduction: import-substituting industrialisation in the closed model
8.6.2. Transfer mechanisms
8.6.3. Towards a balance between agriculture and industry
8.6.4. The mix of negative and positive incentives in a balanced growth path
8.7. Open model: labour-intensive manufactured exports
8.8. Concluding remarks
Questions for review
Further reading
9 Industrial development
9.1. Introduction
9.2. Large-scale industrialisation and balanced growth strategies, 1950–80
9.2.1. Economic development with unlimited supplies of labour
9.2.2. Capital–output ratio
9.2.3. Shortage of capital as the key bottleneck in economic development
9.2.4. Does economic development result in increasing income inequality?
9.2.5. The two-gap model of foreign finance: the role of financial flows from abroad
9.2.6. Big is beautiful: large-scale investment, government planning and import substitution
9.3. Criticisms of orthodox industrialisation strategies
9.3.1. Shortcomings of the Lewis model
9.3.2. Is capital really so important?
9.3.3. How important is the scale of investment?
9.3.4. Urban industrial bias and the neglect of agriculture
9.4. Alternative industrialisation strategies
9.4.1. Balanced growth path
9.4.2. Unbalanced growth
9.4.3. Medium and small-scale enterprises and the urban informal sector
9.5. Export-oriented industrialisation
9.5.1. The shift from import substitution to export orientation
9.5.2. Technological upgrading and learning
9.5.3. Global value chains, FDI and the role of MNCs in development
9.5.4. Resource-based industrialisation as an alternative export strategy for resource rich economies
9.6. Criticisms of market-oriented policies and the re-emergence of industrial policy
9.7. Outcomes of industrialisation strategies
9.8. Conclusions, new challenges and new paradigms
Questions for review
Further reading
10 Agricultural development and rural development
10.1. Is there enough food to feed the world population?
10.2. What are the sources of growth of agricultural production?
10.2.1. How much land is still left for cultivation?
10.2.2. Intensification of land use
10.2.3. Increasing yields per harvest
10.2.4. Models of agricultural development
10.2.5. The green revolution: increase in yields per harvest
10.2.6. The green revolution continued: biotechnology and genetically modified crops
10.2.7. Summary and prospects
10.3. Food consumption and nutrition
10.3.1. Concluding remarks on agricultural policy
10.4. Rural development versus agricultural development
10.4.1. Changes in rural societies
10.4.2. Three perspectives on rural development
10.4.3. The peasant economy and peasant households
10.4.4. Rationality, risk and survival strategies in peasant societies
10.5. Land reform
10.5.1. Varieties of land reform
10.6. Policies for rural development
Questions for review
Further reading
11 State formation and political aspects of development
11.1. Concepts
11.2. Marxist and Weberian perspectives on the state
11.3. Processes of state formation in Europe
11.4. State formation in developing countries
11.4.1. The importance of external penetration in processes of state formation
11.4.2. Internal political instability
11.4.3. External political interference as a destabilising factor
11.4.4. The role of the military in politics
11.4.5. One-party states
11.4.6. Is there a resurgence of democracy in developing countries?
11.4.7. Rapid expansion of the public sector since 1945
11.4.8. ‘Soft states’ and the political economy of rent seeking
11.5. The role of government in economic development
11.5.1. The role of the state in economic development: five examples
11.6. Interactions between political and economic developments
11.6.1. Political instability as a source of economic stagnation
11.6.2. Economic development and political stability
11.6.3. Is there a relationship between democracy and economic development?
11.6.4. Good governance and economic development
11.7. The predatory state as an obstacle to economic development in Sub-Saharan Africa
11.8. Concluding remarks
Questions for review
Further reading
12 Cultural and institutional dimensions of development
12.1. Introduction
12.1.1. Concepts: culture and institutions
12.1.2. How important is culture?
12.1.3. How important are institutions?
12.2. Culture and development
12.2.1. The Protestant Ethic and the rise of capitalism
12.2.2. Traditional versus modern cultures
12.2.3. Are there cultural obstacles to economic development?
12.3. Institutions as one of the key sources of development
12.3.1. Rediscovery of institutions
12.3.2. Efficient institutions
12.3.3. Colonial legacy: extractive or inclusive institutions
12.3.4. Reversal of fortunes
12.3.5. Controlling violence: limited and open access orders
12.4. Conclusion
Questions for review
Further reading
13 The international economic and political order since 1945
13.1. Characteristics of international relations since 1945
13.1.1. Economic aspects
13.1.2. Political aspects
13.2. International institutions and institutional change since 1945
13.2.1. A chronological overview
13.2.2. The evolution of the post-war international order
13.3. The liberal international economic order, 1944–73
13.4. The New International Order, 1960–82
13.4.1. Institutional responses to the New International Economic Order
13.4.2. Criticisms of the New International Economic Order
13.5. Debt and how to deal with it
13.5.1. The 1982 debt crisis
13.5.2. Is there anything wrong with debt?
13.5.3. What caused the 1982 debt crisis?
13.5.4. Trends in debt and financial flows in developing countries, 1982–2012
13.5.5. How to deal with debt?
13.6. Structural adjustment and the Washington consensus
13.6.1. The debt crisis and the rise of the Washington consensus
13.6.2. Neo-liberalism versus structuralism
13.6.3. Stabilisation and structural adjustment
13.6.4. The Cotonou Agreements between the European Union and ACP countries
13.6.5. Foreign direct investment
13.6.6. How effective have structural adjustment programmes been?
13.6.7. Summary
13.7. Financial instability, crises and accelerated growth: 1997–2014
13.7.1. The post-1997 international economic order
13.7.2. The renewed debate on globalisation and liberalisation
13.7.3. Concluding remarks
Questions for review
Further reading
14 Foreign aid and development
14.1. Why foreign aid?
14.2. The emergence and evolution of foreign aid
14.3. Development aid: sources and categories
14.4. Quantitative data on aid flows
14.4.1. Long-term trends in the magnitude and geographical distribution of aid flows
14.4.2. Development aid in proportion to total resource flows
14.4.3. Sectoral allocation of aid
14.4.4. Net development assistance as a percentage of GDP
14.4.5. Reduction of the real value of aid by tying
14.4.6. Conclusion: the volume of aid is not negligible
14.5. Theories of development and objectives of aid
14.5.1. Aid as a source of investment, capital accumulation and growth
14.5.2. The two-gap model of Chenery and Strout
14.5.3. Aid, growth and poverty reduction
14.5.4. Technical assistance, human capital theory and growth
14.5.5. Policy dialogue and programme aid: policy reform and improvements in governance and institutions
14.5.6. Building institutions and capabilities
14.6. Does aid work? Different perspectives on the effectiveness of development aid
14.6.1. Does aid contribute to socio-economic dynamism and poverty reduction?
14.6.2. Radical criticisms of development aid
14.6.3. Neoliberal criticism of development aid
14.6.4. Criticism of development projects
14.6.5. Empirical debates about aid effectiveness and proposals for reform
14.6.6. Making aid work better
14.6.7. Epilogue: an attempt at evaluation
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