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ISBN 10: 0134083547
ISBN 13: 9780134083544
Author: John C Hull
This is the eBook of the printed book and may not include any media, website access codes, or print supplements that may come packaged with the bound book. For courses in derivatives, options and futures, financial engineering, financial mathematics, and risk management. An Easily Understandable Introduction to Futures and Options Markets Fundamentals of Futures and Options Markets covers much of the same material as Hull’s acclaimed title, Options, Futures, and Other Derivatives. However, this text simplifies the language for a less mathematically sophisticated audience. The Ninth Edition of Fundamentals of Futures and Options Markets offers a wide audience a sound and easy-to-grasp introduction into financial mathematic
Fundamentals of Futures and Options Markets 9th Table of contents:
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Futures Contracts
1.2 History of Futures Markets
The Chicago Board of Trade
The Chicago Mercantile Exchange
Electronic Trading
1.3 The Over-The-Counter Market
Market Size
1.4 Forward Contracts
1.5 Options
1.6 History of Options Markets
Put and Call Brokers and Dealers Association
The Formation of Options Exchanges
The Over-the-Counter Market for Options
1.7 Types of Trader
1.8 Hedgers
Hedging Using Forward Contracts
Hedging Using Options
A Comparison
1.9 Speculators
Speculation Using Futures
Speculation Using Options
A Comparison
1.10 Arbitrageurs
1.11 Dangers
Summary
Further Reading
Quiz (Answers at End of Book)
Practice Questions (Answers in Solutions Manual/Study Guide)
Further Questions
Chapter 2 Futures Markets and Central Counterparties
2.1 Opening and Closing Futures Positions
2.2 Specification of a Futures Contract
The Asset
The Contract Size
Delivery Arrangements
Delivery Months
Price Quotes
Price Limits and Position Limits
2.3 Convergence of Futures Price to Spot Price
2.4 The Operation of Margin Accounts
Daily Settlement
Further Details
The Clearing House and Its Members
Credit Risk
2.5 OTC Markets
Central Counterparties
Bilateral Clearing
Futures Trades vs. OTC Trades
2.6 Market Quotes
Prices
Settlement Price
Trading Volume and Open Interest
Patterns of Futures
2.7 Delivery
Cash Settlement
2.8 Types of Trader and Types of Order
Orders
2.9 Regulation
Trading Irregularities
2.10 Accounting and Tax
Accounting
Tax
2.11 Forward vs. Futures Contracts
Profits from Forward and Futures Contracts
Foreign Exchange Quotes
Summary
Further Reading
Quiz (Answers at End of Book)
Practice Questions (Answers in Solutions Manual/Study Guide)
Further Questions
Chapter 3 Hedging Strategies Using Futures
3.1 Basic Principles
Short Hedges
Long Hedges
3.2 Arguments for and Against Hedging
Hedging and Shareholders
Hedging and Competitors
Hedging Can Lead to a Worse Outcome
3.3 Basis Risk
The Basis
Choice of Contract
Illustrations
3.4 Cross Hedging
Calculating the Minimum Variance Hedge Ratio
Optimal Number of Contracts
Impact of Daily Settlement
3.5 Stock Index Futures
Stock Indices
Hedging an Equity Portfolio
Reasons for Hedging an Equity Portfolio
Changing the Beta of a Portfolio
Locking in the Benefits of Stock Picking
3.6 Stack and Roll
Summary
Further Reading
Quiz (Answers at End of Book)
Practice Questions (Answers in Solutions Manual/Study Guide)
Further Questions
Appendix
Review of Key Concepts in Statistics and the CAPM
Standard Deviation
Correlation
Linear Regression
Capital Asset Pricing Model
Chapter 4 Interest Rates
4.1 Types of Rates
Treasury Rates
LIBOR
Overnight Rates
Repo Rates
4.2 Swap Rates
Overnight Indexed Swaps
4.3 The Risk-Free Rate
4.4 Measuring Interest Rates
Continuous Compounding
4.5 Zero Rates
4.6 Bond Pricing
Bond Yield
Par Yield
4.7 Determining Zero Rates
Application to OIS Rates
4.8 Forward Rates
4.9 Forward Rate Agreements
Valuation
4.10 Theories of the Term Structure of Interest Rates
The Management of Net Interest Income
Liquidity
Summary
Further Reading
Quiz (Answers at End of Book)
Practice Questions (Answers in Solutions Manual/Study Guide)
Further Questions
Appendix
Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Chapter 5 Determination of Forward and Futures Prices
5.1 Investment Assets vs. Consumption Assets
5.2 Short Selling
5.3 Assumptions and Notation
5.4 Forward Price for an Investment Asset
A Generalization
What If Short Sales Are Not Possible?
5.5 Known Income
A Generalization
5.6 Known Yield
5.7 Valuing Forward Contracts
5.8 Are Forward Prices and Futures Prices Equal?
5.9 Futures Prices of Stock Indices
Index Arbitrage
5.10 Forward and Futures Contracts on Currencies
A Foreign Currency as an Asset Providing a Known Yield
5.11 Futures on Commodities
Income and Storage Costs
Consumption Commodities
Convenience Yields
5.12 The Cost of Carry
5.13 Delivery Options
5.14 Futures Prices and Expected spot Prices
Keynes and Hicks
Risk and Return
The Risk in a Futures Position
Normal Backwardation and Contango
Summary
Further Reading
Quiz (Answers at End of Book)
Practice Questions (Answers in Solutions Manual/Study Guide)
Further Questions
Chapter 6 Interest Rate Futures
6.1 Day Count and Quotation Conventions
Day Counts
Price Quotations of U.S. Treasury Bills
Price Quotations of U.S. Treasury Bonds
6.2 Treasury Bond Futures
Quotes
Conversion Factors
Cheapest-to-Deliver Bond
Determining the Futures Price
6.3 Eurodollar Futures
Forward vs. Futures Interest Rates
Convexity Adjustment
6.4 Duration
Modified Duration
Bond Portfolios
Hedging Portfolios of Assets and Liabilities
6.5 Duration-Based Hedging Strategies Using Futures
Hedging a Bond Portfolio
Hedging a Floating-Rate Loan
Summary
Further Reading
Quiz (Answers at End of Book)
Practice Questions (Answers in Solutions Manual/Study Guide)
Further Questions
Chapter 7 Swaps
7.1 Mechanics of Interest Rate Swaps
LIBOR
Illustration
Using the Swap to Transform a Liability
Using the Swap to Transform an Asset
Organization of Trading
7.2 Day Count Issues
7.3 Confirmations
7.4 The Comparative-Advantage Argument
Illustration
Criticism of the Comparative-Advantage Argument
7.5 Valuation of Interest Rate Swaps
Bootstrapping LIBOR Forward Rates
7.6 How the Value Changes Through Time
7.7 Fixed-For-Fixed Currency Swaps
Illustration
Use of a Currency Swap to Transform Liabilities and Assets
Comparative Advantage
7.8 Valuation of Fixed-For-Fixed Currency Swaps
Valuation in Terms of Bond Prices
7.9 Other Currency Swaps
7.10 Credit Risk
7.11 Credit Default Swaps
7.12 Other Types of Swaps
Variations on the Standard Interest Rate Swap
Quantos
Equity Swaps
Options
Commodity, Volatility, and Other Swaps
Summary
Further Reading
Quiz (Answers at End of Book)
Practice Questions (Answers in Solutions Manual/Study Guide)
Further Questions
Chapter 8 Securitization and the Credit Crisis of 2007
8.1 Securitization
ABSs
ABS CDOs
8.2 The U.S. Housing Market
The Relaxation of Lending Standards
Subprime Mortgage Securitization
The Bubble Bursts
The Losses
The Credit Crisis
8.3 What Went Wrong?
Regulatory Arbitrage
Incentives
8.4 The Aftermath
Summary
Further Reading
Quiz (Answers at End of Book)
Practice Questions (Answers in Solutions Manual/Study Guide)
Further Questions
Chapter 9 Mechanics of Options Markets
9.1 Types of Option
Call Options
Put Options
Early Exercise
9.2 Option Positions
9.3 Underlying Assets
Stock Options
ETP Options
Foreign Currency Options
Index Options
Futures Options
9.4 Specification of Stock Options
Expiration Dates
Strike Prices
Terminology
Flex Options and Other Nonstandard Products
Dividends and Stock Splits
Position Limits and Exercise Limits
9.5 Trading
Market Makers
Offsetting Orders
9.6 Commissions
9.7 Margin Requirements
Writing Naked Options
Other Rules
9.8 The Options Clearing Corporation
Exercising an Option
9.9 Regulation
9.10 Taxation
Wash Sale Rule
Constructive Sales
9.11 Warrants, Employee Stock Options, and Convertibles
9.12 Over-The-Counter Options Markets
Summary
Further Reading
Quiz (Answers at End of Book)
Practice Questions (Answers in Solutions Manual/Study Guide)
Further Questions
Chapter 10 Properties of Stock Options
10.1 Factors Affecting Option Prices
Stock Price and Strike Price
Time to Expiration
Volatility
Risk-Free Interest Rate
Dividends
10.2 Assumptions and Notation
10.3 Upper and Lower Bounds for Option Prices
Upper Bounds
Lower Bound for Calls on Non-Dividend-Paying Stocks
Lower Bound for Puts on Non-Dividend-Paying Stocks
10.4 Put–Call Parity
American Options
10.5 Calls on a Non-Dividend-Paying Stock
Bounds
10.6 Puts on a Non-Dividend-Paying Stock
Bounds
10.7 Effect of Dividends
Lower Bound for Calls and Puts
Early Exercise
Put–Call Parity
Summary
Further Reading
Quiz (Answers at End of Book)
Practice Questions (Answers in Solutions Manual/Study Guide)
Further Questions
Chapter 11 Trading Strategies Involving Options
11.1 Principal-Protected Notes
11.2 Strategies Involving a Single Option and a Stock
11.3 Spreads
Bull Spreads
Bear Spreads
Box Spreads
Butterfly Spreads
Calendar Spreads
Diagonal Spreads
11.4 Combinations
Straddle
Strips and Straps
Strangles
11.5 Other Payoffs
Summary
Further Reading
Quiz (Answers at End of Book)
Practice Questions (Answers in Solutions Manual/Study Guide)
Further Questions
Chapter 12 Introduction to Binomial Trees
12.1 A One-Step Binomial Model and a No-Arbitrage Argument
A Generalization
Irrelevance of the Stock’s Expected Return
12.2 Risk-Neutral Valuation
The One-Step Binomial Example Revisited
Real World vs. Risk-Neutral World
12.3 Two-Step Binomial Trees
A Generalization
12.4 A Put Example
12.5 American Options
12.6 Delta
12.7 Determining u and d
12.8 Increasing the Number of Time Steps
12.9 Using DerivaGem
12.10 Options on Other Assets
Options on Stocks Paying a Continuous Dividend Yield
Options on Stock Indices
Options on Currencies
Options on Futures
Summary
Further Reading
Quiz (Answers at End of Book)
Practice Questions (Answers in Solutions Manual/Study Guide)
Further Questions
Appendix
Derivation of Black–Scholes–Merton Option Pricing Formula from Binomial Tree
Chapter 13 Valuing Stock Options: The Black–Scholes–Merton Model
13.1 Assumptions about how Stock Prices Evolve
The Lognormal Distribution
13.2 Expected Return
13.3 Volatility
13.4 Estimating Volatility from Historical Data
Trading Days vs. Calendar Days
13.5 Assumptions Underlying Black–Scholes–Merton
13.6 The Key No-Arbitrage Argument
13.7 The Black–Scholes–Merton Pricing Formulas
Properties of the Black–Scholes–Merton Formulas
Understanding and N(d1) and N(d2)
13.8 Risk-Neutral Valuation
Application to Forward Contracts
13.9 Implied Volatilities
The VIX Index
13.10 Dividends
European Options
American Call Options
Black’s Approximation
Summary
Further Reading
On the Black–Scholes–Merton model and its extensions
On the causes of volatility
Quiz (Answers at End of Book)
Practice Questions (Answers in Solutions Manual/Study Guide)
Further Questions
Appendix
The Early Exercise of American Call Options on Dividend-Paying Stocks
Chapter 14 Employee Stock Options
14.1 Contractual Arrangements
The Early Exercise Decision
14.2 Do Options Align the Interests of Shareholders and Managers?
14.3 Accounting Issues
Nontraditional Option Plans
14.4 Valuation
Dilution
14.5 Backdating Scandals
Summary
Further Reading
Quiz (Answers at End of Book)
Practice Questions (Answers in Solutions Manual/Study Guide)
Further Questions
Chapter 15 Options on Stock Indices and Currencies
15.1 Options on Stock Indices
Portfolio Insurance
The Strategy
The Result
When the Portfolio’s Beta Is Not 1.0
The Strategy
The Outcome
15.2 Currency Options
Range Forwards
15.3 Options on Stocks Paying Known Dividend Yields
Lower Bounds for Option Prices
Put-Call Parity
Pricing Formulas
15.4 Valuation of European Stock Index Options
Using Forward Prices
Implied Dividend Yields
15.5 Valuation of European Currency Options
Using Forward Exchange Rates
15.6 American Options
Summary
Further Reading
Quiz (Answers at End of Book)
Practice Questions (Answers in Solutions Manual/Study Guide)
Further Questions
Chapter 16 Futures Options and Black’s Model
16.1 Nature of Futures Options
Expiration Months
16.2 Reasons for The Popularity of Futures Options
16.3 European Spot and Futures Options
16.4 Put–Call Parity
16.5 Bounds for Futures Options
16.6 A Futures Price as an Asset Providing a Yield
16.7 Black’s Model for Valuing Futures Options
16.8 Using Black’s Model Instead of Black-Scholes-Merton
16.9 Valuation of Futures Options Using Binomial Trees
A Generalization
Multistep Trees
16.10 American Futures Options vs. American Spot Options
16.11 Futures-Style Options
Summary
Further Reading
Quiz (Answers at End of Book)
Practice Questions (Answers in Solutions Manual/Study Guide)
Further Questions
Chapter 17 The Greek Letters
17.1 Illustration
17.2 Naked and Covered Positions
A Stop-Loss Strategy
17.3 Greek Letter Calculation
17.4 Delta
Delta of European Stock Options
Dynamic Aspects of Delta Hedging
Where the Cost Comes From
Delta of a Portfolio
Transaction Costs
17.5 Theta
17.6 Gamma
Making a Portfolio Gamma Neutral
Calculation of Gamma
17.7 Relationship Between Delta, Theta, and Gamma
17.8 Vega
17.9 Rho
17.10 The Realities of Hedging
17.11 Scenario Analysis
17.12 Extension of Formulas
Delta of Forward Contracts
Delta of a Futures Contract
17.13 Creating Options Synthetically for Portfolio Insurance
Use of Index Futures
17.14 Stock Market Volatility
Summary
Further Reading
Quiz (Answers at End of Book)
Practice Questions (Answers in Solutions Manual/Study Guide)
Further Questions
Chapter 18 Binomial Trees in Practice
18.1 The Binomial Model for a Non-Dividend-Paying Stock
Risk-Neutral Valuation
Determination of p, u, and d
The Tree of Stock Prices
Working Backward through the Tree
Illustration
Expressing the Approach Algebraically
Estimating Delta and Other Greek Letters
18.2 Using the Binomial Tree for Options on Indices, Currencies, and Futures Contracts
18.3 The Binomial Model for a Dividend-Paying Stock
Known Dividend Yield
Known Dollar Dividend
18.4 Extensions of the Basic Tree Approach
Time-Dependent Interest Rates and Volatilities
The Control Variate Technique
18.5 Alternative Procedure for Constructing Trees
18.6 Monte Carlo Simulation
Summary
Further Reading
Quiz (Answers at End of Book)
Practice Questions (Answers in Solutions Manual/Study Guide)
Further Questions
Chapter 19 Volatility Smiles
19.1 Foreign Currency Options
Empirical Results
Reasons for the Smile in Foreign Currency Options
19.2 Equity Options
The Reason for the Smile in Equity Options
19.3 The Volatility Term Structure and Volatility Surfaces
The Role of the Model
19.4 When a Single Large Jump is Anticipated
Summary
Further Reading
Quiz (Answers at End of Book)
Practice Questions (Answers in Solutions Manual/Study Guide)
Further Questions
Appendix
Why the Put Volatility Smile Is the Same As the Call Volatility Smile
Chapter 20 Value at Risk and Expected Shortfall
20.1 The VaR and ES Measures
The Time Horizon
20.2 Historical Simulation
Illustration: Investment in Four Stock Indices
Expected Shortfall
Stressed VaR and Stressed ES
20.3 Model-Building Approach
Daily Volatilities
Single-Asset Case
Two-Asset Case
The Benefits of Diversification
ES Calculation
20.4 Generalization of Linear Model
Correlation and Covariance Matrices
Handling Interest Rates
Applications of the Linear Model
The Linear Model and Options
20.5 Quadratic Model
20.6 Estimating Volatilities and Correlations
EWMA
Correlations
Example Involving Four Stock Indices
Use of EWMA
20.7 Comparison of Approaches
20.8 Back Testing
Summary
Further Reading
Quiz (Answers at End of Book)
Practice Questions (Answers in Solutions Manual/Study Guide)
Further Questions
Chapter 21 Interest Rate Options
21.1 Exchange-Traded Interest Rate Options
21.2 Embedded Bond Options
21.3 Black’s Model
Extension of Black’s Model
21.4 European Bond Options
Yield Volatilities
21.5 Interest Rate Caps
The Cap as a Portfolio of Interest Rate Options
Floors and Collars
Valuation of Caps and Floors
Using DerivaGem
21.6 European Swap Options
Valuation of European Swaptions
21.7 Term Structure Models
Summary
Further Reading
Quiz (Answers at End of Book)
Practice Questions (Answers in Solutions Manual/Study Guide)
Further Questions
Chapter 22 Exotic Options and Other Nonstandard Products
22.1 Exotic Options
Packages
Nonstandard American Options
Gap Options
Forward Start Options
Cliquet Options
Compound Options
Chooser Options
Barrier Options
Binary Options
Lookback Options
Shout Options
Asian Options
Options to Exchange One Asset for Another
Options Involving Several Assets
22.2 Agency Mortgage-Backed Securities
Collateralized Mortgage Obligations
IOs and POs
22.3 Nonstandard Swaps
Variations on the Vanilla Deal
Compounding Swaps
Valuation and Convexity Adjustments
LIBOR-in-Arrears Swap
CMS Swaps
Differential Swaps
Equity Swaps
Accrual Swaps
Cancelable Swaps
Commodity Swaps
Volatility and Variance Swaps
Other Swaps
Summary
Further Reading
Quiz (Answers at End of Book)
Practice Questions (Answers in Solutions Manual/Study Guide)
Further Questions
Chapter 23 Credit Derivatives
23.1 Credit Default Swaps
Recovery Rate
Credit Default Swaps and Bond Yields
The Cheapest-to-Deliver Bond
23.2 Valuation of Credit Default Swaps
Marking to Market a CDS
Binary Credit Default Swaps
Basket Credit Default Swaps
23.3 Total Return Swaps
23.4 CDS Forwards and Options
23.5 Credit Indices
23.6 The use of Fixed Coupons
23.7 Collateralized Debt Obligations
Synthetic CDOs
Standard Portfolios and Single-Tranche Trading
The Role of Default Correlation
Summary
Further Reading
Quiz (Answers at End of Book)
Practice Questions (Answers in Solutions Manual/Study Guide)
Further Questions
Chapter 24 Weather, Energy, and Insurance Derivatives
24.1 Weather Derivatives
24.2 Energy Derivatives
Crude Oil
Natural Gas
Electricity
Characteristics of Energy Prices
How an Energy Producer Can Hedge Risks
24.3 Insurance Derivatives
Summary
Further Reading
On weather derivatives
On energy derivatives
On insurance derivatives
Quiz (Answers at End of Book)
Practice Questions (Answers in Solutions Manual/Study Guide)
Further Question
Chapter 25 Derivatives Mishaps and what we can Learn From Them
25.1 Lessons for all Users of Derivatives
Define Risk Limits
Take the Risk Limits Seriously
Do Not Assume You Can Outguess the Market
Do Not Underestimate the Benefits of Diversification
Carry out Scenario Analyses and Stress Tests
25.2 Lessons for Financial Institutions
Monitor Traders Carefully
Separate the Front, Middle, and Back Office
Do Not Blindly Trust Models
Be Conservative in Recognizing Inception Profits
Do Not Sell Clients Inappropriate Products
Beware of Easy Profits
Do Not Ignore Liquidity Risk
Beware When Everyone Is Following the Same Trading Strategy
Do Not Make Excessive Use of Short-Term Funding for Long-Term Needs
Market Transparency Is Important
Manage Incentives
Never Ignore Risk Management
25.3 Lessons for Nonfinancial Corporations
Make Sure You Fully Understand the Trades You Are Doing
Make Sure a Hedger Does Not Become a Speculator
Be Cautious about Making the Treasury Department a Profit Center
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