Solution manual for General Chemistry Principles and Modern Applications 11th Edition by Ralph Petrucci,Geoffrey Herring,Jeffry Madura,Carey Bissonnette 9780132931281 0132931281

1 Matter: Its Properties and Measurement

Contents

Learning Objectives

1-1 The Scientific Method

1-2 Properties of Matter

1-3 Classification of Matter

1-4 Measurement of Matter: SI (Metric) Units

1-5 Density and Percent Composition: Their Use in Problem Solving

1-6 Uncertainties in Scientific Measurements

1-7 Significant Figures

2 Atoms and the Atomic Theory

2-1 Early Chemical Discoveries and the Atomic Theory

2-2 Electrons and Other Discoveries in Atomic Physics

2-3 The Nuclear Atom

2-4 Chemical Elements

2-6 Introduction to the Periodic Table

2-7 The Concept of the Mole and the Avogadro Constant

2-8 Using the Mole Concept in Calculations

3 Chemical Compounds

3-1 Types of Chemical Compounds and Their Formulas

3-2 The Mole Concept and Chemical Compounds

3-3 Composition of Chemical Compounds

3-4 Oxidation States: A Useful Tool in Describing Chemical Compounds

3-5 Naming Compounds: Organic and Inorganic Compounds

3-6 Names and Formulas of Inorganic Compounds

3-7 Names and Formulas of Organic Compounds

4 Chemical Reactions

Contents

Learning Objectives

4-1 Chemical Reactions and Chemical Equations

4-2 Chemical Equations and Stoichiometry

4-3 Chemical Reactions in Solution

Practice Example B:

4-4 Determining the Limiting Reactant

4-5 Other Practical Matters in Reaction Stoichiometry

4-6 The Extent of Reaction

5 Introduction to Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

5-1 The Nature of Aqueous Solutions

5-2 Precipitation Reactions

5-3 Acid–Base Reactions

5-4 Oxidation–Reduction Reactions: Some General Principles

5-5 Balancing Oxidation–Reduction Equations

5-7 Stoichiometry of Reactions in Aqueous Solutions: Titrations

6 Gases

6-1 Properties of Gases: Gas Pressure

6-2 The Simple Gas Laws

6-3 Combining the Gas Laws: The Ideal Gas Equation and the General Gas Equation

6-4 Applications of the Ideal Gas Equation

6-5 Gases in Chemical Reactions

6-6 Mixtures of Gases

6-7 Kinetic–Molecular Theory of Gases

6-8 Gas Properties Relating to the Kinetic–Molecular Theory

6-9 Nonideal (Real) Gases

7 Thermochemistry

7-1 Getting Started: Some Terminology

7-2 Heat

Specific Het Capacities of Some Substances

7-3 Heats of Reaction and Calorimetry:

7-4 Work

7-5 The First Law of Thermodynamics

7-6 Application of the First Law to Chemical and Physical Changes

7-7 Indirect Determination of ΔrH: Hess’s Law

7-8 Standard Enthalpies of Formation

7-9 Fuels as Sources of Energy

7-10 Spontaneous and Nonspontaneous Processes: An Introduction

8 Electrons in Atoms

8-1 Electromagnetic Radiation

8-2 Prelude to Quantum Theory

8-3 Energy Levels, Spectrum, and Ionization Energy of the Hydrogen Atom

8-4 Two Ideas Leading to Quantum Mechanics

8-5 Wave Mechanics

8-6 Quantum Theory of the Hydrogen Atom

8-7 Interpreting and Representing the Orbitals of the Hydrogen Atom

8-8 Electron Spin: A Fourth Quantum Number

8-9 Multielectron Atoms

8-10 Electron Configurations

8-11 Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table

9 The Periodic Table and Some Atomic Properties

9-1 Classifying the Elements: The Periodic Law and the Periodic Table

9-2 Metals and Nonmetals and Their Ions

9-3 Sizes of Atoms and Ions

9-4 Ionization Energy

9-5 Electron Affinity

9-6 Magnetic Properties

9-7 Polarizability

10 Chemical Bonding I: Basic Concepts

10-1 Lewis Theory: An Overview

10-2 Covalent Bonding: An Introduction

10-3 Polar Covalent Bonds and Electrostatic Potential Maps

10-4 Writing Lewis Structures

10-5 Resonance

10-6 Exceptions to the Octet Rule

10-7 Shapes of Molecules

10-8 Bond Order and Bond Lengths

10-9 Bond Energies

11 Chemical Bonding II: Valence Bond and Molecular Orbital Theories

11-1 What a Bonding Theory Should Do

11-2 Introduction to the Valence Bond Method

11-3 Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals

11-4 Multiple Covaleple B:nt Bonds

11-5 Molecular Orbital Theory

11-6 Delocalized Electrons: An Explanation Based on Molecular Orbital Theory

11-7 Some Unresolved Issues: Can Electron Density Plots Help?

12 Intermolecular Forces: Liquids and Solids

12-1 Intermolecular Forces

12-2 Some Properties of Liquids

12-3 Some Properties of Solids

12-4 Phase Diagrams

12-5 The Nature of Bonding in Solids

12-6 Crystal Structures

12-7 Energy Changes in the Formation of Ionic Crystals

13 Spontaneous Change: Entropy and Gibbs Energy

13-1 Entropy: Boltzmann’s View

13-2 Entropy Change: Clausius’s View

13-3 Combining Boltzmann’s and Clausius’s Ideas: Absolute Entropies

13-4 Criterion for Spontaneous Change: The Second Law of Thermodynamics

13-5 Gibbs Energy Change of a System of Variable Composition: ΔrG° and ΔrG

13-6 ΔrG° and K as Functions of Temperature

13-7 Coupled Reactions

13-8 Chemical Potential and Thermodynamics of Spontaneous Chemical Change

14 Solutions and Their Physical Properties

14-1 Types of Solutions: Some Terminology

14-2 Solution Concentration

14-3 Intermolecular Forces and the Solution Process

14-5 Solubilities of Gases

14-6 Vapor Pressures of Solutions

14-7 Osmotic Pressure

14-9 Solutions of Electrolytes

14-10 Colloidal Mixtures

15 Principles of Chemical Equilibrium

15-1 The Nature of the Equilibrium State

15-2 The Equilibrium Constant Expression:

15-3 Relationships Involving Equilibrium Constants

15-4 The Magnitude of an Equilibrium Constant

15-5 Predicting the Direction of Net Chemical Change

15-6 Altering Equilibrium Conditions: Le Châtelier’s Principle

15-7 Equilibrium Calculations: Some Illustrative Examples

16 Acids and Bases

16-1 Acids, Bases, and Conjugate Acid–Base Pairs

16-2 Self-Ionization of Water and the pH Scale

16-3 Ionization of Acids and Bases in Water

16-4 Strong Acids and Strong Bases

16-5 Weak Acids and Weak Bases

16-6 Polyprotic Acids

16-7 Simultaneous or Consecutive Acid–Base Reactions: A General Approach

16-8 Ions as Acids and Bases

16-9 Qualitative Aspects of Acid–Base Reactions

16-10 Molecular Structure and Acid–Base Behaviors

16-11 Lewis Acids and Bases

17 Additional Aspects of Acid–Base Equilibria

17-1 Common-Ion Effect in Acid–Base Equilibria

17-2 Buffer Solutions

17-3 Acid–Base Indicators

Applications

17-4 Neutralization Reactions and Titration Curves

17-5 Solutions of Salts of Polyprotic Acids

17-6 Acid–Base Equilibrium Calculations: A Summary

18 Solubility and Complex-Ion Equilibria

18-5 Criteria for Precipitation and Its Completeness

Analyze

Solve

Assess

18-6 Fractional Precipitation

Analyze

Solve

A

Integrative Examples

19 Electrochemistry

20 Chemical Kinetics

21 Chemistry of the Main-Group Elements I: Groups 1, 2, 13, and 14

Contents

Learning Objectives

kali Metals

etals

Group 2: The Alkaline Earth Metals

Group 13: The Boron Family

Group 14: The Carbon Family

Integrative and Advanced Exercises

Feature Problems

Self-Assessment Exercises

22 Chemistry of the Main-Group Elements II: Groups 18, 17, 16, 15, and Hydrogen

xygen Family

23 The Transition Elements

n and Main-Group Elements

23-2 Principles of Extractive Metallurgy

Concentration

Roasting

Reduction

Refi

Pyro

 Mercury

Uses of the Group 12 Metals and Their Compounds

Mercury and Cadmium Poisoning

23-8 Lanthanides

23-9 High-Temperature Superconductors

Summary

Integrative Example

Analyze

So

Practice Example A:

Practice Example B:

24-2 Ligands

24-3 Nomenclature

Anasm

25 Nuclear Chemistry

Contents

26 Structures of Organic Compounds

Contents

Learning Objectives

27 Reactions of Organic Compounds

Contents

Learning Objectives

Chain-Reaction Polymerization

Step-Reaction Polymerization

Stereospecific Polymers

27-9 Synthesis of Organic Compounds

Summary

Integrative Example

Analyze

Solve

Assess

Practice Example A:

Practice Example B:

Exercises

Types of Organic Reactions

Substitution and Elimination Reactions

Alcohols and Alkenes

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution

Reactions of Alkanes

Polymerization Reactions

Synthesis of Organic Compounds

Integrative and Advanced Exercises

Feature Problems

Self-Assessment Exercises

Appendix A Mathematical Operations

A-1 Exponential Arithmetic

Addition and Subtraction

Multiplication

Division

Raising an Exponential Number to a Power

Extracting the Root of an Exponential Number

A-2 Logarithms