Solution manual for Psychology Themes and Variations 10th Edition by Wayne Weiten ISBN 1305498208 9781305498204

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ISBN 10: 1305498208
ISBN 13: 9781305498204
Author: Wayne Weiten

PSYCHOLOGY: THEMES AND VARIATIONS, 10th Edition, helps you experience the excitement of this fascinating field, while helping you study and retain what you learn. Filled with practical ways that you can apply psychology to your everyday life, this best-selling textbook is an experience in learning that you’ll remember long after you complete your introductory psychology course. Critical Thinking Applications in every chapter give you specific critical thinking strategies you can apply in all of your courses and in your personal life. Reality Checks, many of which may surprise you, address common misconceptions about psychology. Every chapter of this book offers tools — such as Concept Charts that provide colorful visual snapshots of key points — to help you focus on what’s important, showing you how to study in ways that help you retain information and do your best on exams.

Solution manual for Psychology Themes and Variations 10th Table of contents:

Chapter 1. The Evolution of Psychology

1.1. Psychology’s Early History

A New Science Is Born

The Battle of the “Schools” Begins: Structuralism Versus Functionalism

Freud Brings the Unconscious into the Picture

Watson Alters Psychology’s Course as Behaviorism Makes Its Debut

Skinner Questions Free Will as Behaviorism flourishes

The Humanists Revolt

1.2. Psychology’s Modern History

Psychology Comes of Age as a Profession

Psychology Returns to Its Roots: Renewed Interest in Cognition and Physiology

Psychology Broadens Its Horizons: Increased Interest in Cultural Diversity

Psychology Adapts: The Emergence of Evolutionary Psychology

Psychology Moves in a Positive Direction

1.3. Psychology Today: Vigorous and Diversified

Research Areas in Psychology

Professional Specialties in Psychology

1.4. Seven Unifying Themes

Themes Related to Psychology as a field of Study

Themes Related to Psychology’s Subject Matter

1.5. Personal Application

Developing Sound Study Habits

Improving Your Reading

Getting More out of Lectures

1.6. Critical Thinking Application

The Skills and Attitudes of Critical Thinking

The Need to Teach Critical Thinking

An Example

Concept Chart

Chapter 2. The Research Enterprise in Psychology

2.1. Looking for Laws: The Scientific Approach to Behavior

Goals of the Scientific Enterprise

Steps in a Scientific Investigation

Advantages of the Scientific Approach

2.2. Looking for Causes: Experimental Research

Independent and Dependent Variables

Experimental and Control Groups

Extraneous Variables

Variations in Designing Experiments

Advantages and Disadvantages of Experimental Research

2.3. Looking for Links: Descriptive/Correlational Research

The Concept of Correlation

Naturalistic Observation

Case Studies

Surveys

Advantages and Disadvantages of Descriptive/Correlational Research

2.4. Looking for flaws: Evaluating Research

Sampling Bias

Placebo Effects

Distortions in Self-Report Data

Experimenter Bias

2.5. Looking at Ethics: Do the Ends Justify the Means?

The Question of Deception

The Question of Animal Research

Ethical Principles in Research

2.6. Reflecting on the Chapter’s Themes

2.7. Personal Application

The Nature of Technical Journals

finding Journal Articles

Reading Journal Articles

2.8. Critical Thinking Application

Concept Chart

Chapter 3. The Biological Bases of Behavior

3.1. Communication in the Nervous System

Nervous Tissue: The Basic Hardware

The Neural Impulse: Using Energy to Send Information

The Synapse: Where Neurons Meet

Neurotransmitters and Behavior

3.2. Organization of the Nervous System

The Peripheral Nervous System

The Central Nervous System

3.3. The Brain and Behavior

Looking Inside the Brain: Research Methods

The Hindbrain

The Midbrain

The Forebrain

The Plasticity of the Brain

3.4. Right Brain/Left Brain: Cerebral Specialization

Bisecting the Brain: Split-Brain Research

Hemispheric Specialization in the Intact Brain

3.5. The Endocrine System: Another Way to Communicate

3.6. Heredity and Behavior: Is It All in the Genes?

Basic Principles of Genetics

Detecting Hereditary Influence: Research Methods

The Interplay of Heredity and Environment

3.7. The Evolutionary Bases of Behavior

Darwin’s Insights

Later Refinements to Evolutionary Theory

Behaviors as Adaptive Traits

3.8. Reflecting on the Chapter’s Themes

3.9. Personal Application

Cerebral Specialization and Cognitive Processes

Complexities and Qualifications

3.10. Critical Thinking Application

The Key findings on Neural Development

The Tendency to Overextrapolate

Concept Chart

Chapter 4. Sensation and Perception

4.1. The Visual System: Essentials of Sight

The Stimulus: Light

The Eye: A Living Optical Instrument

The Retina: The Brain’s Envoy in the Eye

Vision and the Brain

Viewing the World in Color

4.2. The Visual System: Perceptual Processes

Perceiving Forms, Patterns, and Objects

Perceiving Depth or Distance

Perceptual Constancies in Vision

The Power of Misleading Cues: Visual Illusions

4.3. The Auditory System: Hearing

The Stimulus: Sound

Human Hearing Capacities

Sensory Processing in the Ear

Auditory Perception: Theories of Hearing

Auditory Localization: Perceiving Sources of Sound

4.4. The Other Senses: Taste, Smell, and Touch

Taste: The Gustatory System

Smell: The Olfactory System

Touch: Sensory Systems in the Skin

4.5. Reflecting on the Chapter’s Themes

4.6. Personal Application

4.7. Critical Thinking Application

Concept Chart

Chapter 5. Variations in Consciousness

5.1. On the Nature of Consciousness

Variations in Levels of Awareness

Consciousness and Brain Activity

5.2. Biological Rhythms and Sleep

The Role of Circadian Rhythms

Ignoring Circadian Rhythms

Realigning Circadian Rhythms

5.3. The Sleep and Waking Cycle

Cycling Through the Stages of Sleep

Age, Culture, and Sleep

Doing Without: Sleep Deprivation

Sleep Loss and Health

Problems in the Night: Sleep Disorders

5.4. The World of Dreams

The Contents of Dreams

Culture and Dreams

Theories of Dreaming

5.5. Hypnosis: Altered Consciousness or Role Playing?

Hypnotic Induction and Phenomena

Theories of Hypnosis

5.6. Meditation: Pursuing Higher Consciousness

5.7. Altering Consciousness with Drugs

Principal Abused Drugs and Their Effects

Factors Influencing Drug Effects

Mechanisms of Drug Action

Drug Dependence

Drugs and Health

5.8. Reflecting on the Chapter’s Themes

5.9. Personal Application

Common Questions About Sleep

Common Questions About Dreams

5.10. Critical Thinking Application

The Power to Make Definitions

Definitions, Labels, and Circular Reasoning

Concept Chart

Chapter 6. Learning

6.1. Classical Conditioning

Pavlov’s Demonstration: “Psychic Reflexes”

Terminology and Procedures

Classical Conditioning in Everyday Life

Basic Processes in Classical Conditioning

6.2. Operant Conditioning

Skinner’s Demonstration: It’s All a Matter of Consequences

Terminology and Procedures

Basic Processes in Operant Conditioning

Reinforcement

Schedules of Reinforcement

Positive Versus Negative Reinforcement

Punishment

6.3. Changing Directions in the Study of Conditioning

Recognizing Biological Constraints on Conditioning

Recognizing Cognitive Processes in Conditioning

6.4. Observational Learning

Basic Processes

Observational Learning and the Media Violence Controversy

6.5. Reflecting on the Chapter’s Themes

6.6. Personal Application

Specifying Your Target Behavior

Gathering Baseline Data

Designing Your Program

Executing Your Program

6.7. Critical Thinking Application

Classical Conditioning in Advertising

Classical Conditioning in Business Negotiations

Classical Conditioning in the World of Politics

Concept Chart

Chapter 7. Human Memory

7.1. Encoding: Getting Information into Memory

The Role of Attention

Levels of Processing

Enriching Encoding

7.2. Storage: Maintaining Information in Memory

Sensory Memory

Short-Term Memory

Long-Term Memory

How Is Knowledge Represented in Memory?

7.3. Retrieval: Getting Information out of Memory

Using Cues to Aid Retrieval

Reinstating the Context of an Event

Reconstructing Memories

Source Monitoring

7.4. Forgetting: When Memory Lapses

How Quickly We Forget: Ebbinghaus’s Forgetting Curve

Measures of Forgetting

Why We Forget

The Repressed Memories Controversy

7.5. In Search of the Memory Trace: The Physiology of Memory

The Anatomy of Memory

The Neural Circuitry of Memory

7.6. Different Types of Memory Systems

Declarative Versus Nondeclarative Memory

Semantic Versus Episodic Memory

Prospective Versus Retrospective Memory

7.7. Reflecting on the Chapter’s Themes

7.8. Personal Application

Engage in Adequate Rehearsal

Schedule Distributed Practice and Minimize Interference

Engage in Deep Processing and Organize Information

Enrich Encoding with Mnemonic Devices

7.9. Critical Thinking Application

The Contribution of Hindsight Bias

The Contribution of Overconfidence

Concept Chart

Chapter 8. Cognition and Intelligence

8.1. Language: Turning Thoughts into Words

Language Acquisition

Learning More than One Language: Bilingualism

Culture, Language, and Thought

8.2. Problem Solving: In Search of Solutions

Types of Problems

Barriers to Effective Problem Solving

Approaches to Problem Solving

Culture, Cognitive Style, and Problem Solving

8.3. Decision Making: Choices and Chances

Making Choices About Preferences

Heuristics in Judging Probabilities

The Tendency to Ignore Base Rates

The Conjunction Fallacy

Evolutionary Analyses of Fast and Frugal Heuristics

8.4. Measuring Intelligence

A Brief History

What Do Modern IQ Scores Mean?

Do Intelligence Tests Have Adequate Reliability?

Do Intelligence Tests Have Adequate Validity?

Do Intelligence Tests Predict Vocational Success?

Are IQ Tests Widely Used in Other Cultures?

8.5. Heredity and Environment as Determinants of Intelligence

Evidence for Hereditary Influence

Evidence for Environmental Influence

The Interaction of Heredity and Environment

Cultural Differences in IQ Scores

8.6. New Directions in the Study of Intelligence

Exploring Biological Correlates of Intelligence

Investigating Cognitive Processes in Intelligent Behavior

Expanding the Concept of Intelligence

8.7. Reflecting on the Chapter’s Themes

8.8. Personal Application

The Nature of Creativity

Measuring Creativity

Correlates of Creativity

8.9. Critical Thinking Application

The Gambler’s Fallacy

Overestimating the Improbable

The Effects of Framing

Loss Aversion

Concept Chart

Chapter 9. Motivation and Emotion

9.1. Motivational Theories

Drive Theories

Incentive Theories

Evolutionary Theories

9.2. The Motivation of Hunger and Eating

Biological Factors in the Regulation of Hunger

Environmental Factors in the Regulation of Hunger

Eating and Weight: The Roots of Obesity

9.3. Sexual Motivation and Behavior

The Human Sexual Response

Evolutionary Analyses of Human Sexual Motivation

The Mystery of Sexual Orientation

9.4. The Achievement Motive

Individual Differences in the Need for Achievement

Situational Determinants of Achievement Behavior

9.5. Elements of Emotional Experience

The Cognitive Component

The Physiological Component

The Behavioral Component

Culture and the Elements of Emotion

9.6. Theories of Emotion

James-Lange Theory

Cannon-Bard Theory

Schachter’s Two-Factor Theory

Evolutionary Theories of Emotion

9.7. Reflecting on the Chapter’s Themes

9.8. Personal Application

How Happy Are People?

Weak Predictors of Happiness

Moderately Good Predictors of Happiness

Stronger Predictors of Happiness

Conclusions About Subjective Well-Being

9.9. Critical Thinking Application

The Anatomy of an Argument

Common Fallacies

Evaluating the Strength of Arguments

Concept Chart

Chapter 10. Human Development across the Life Span

10.1. Progress Before Birth: Prenatal Development

The Course of Prenatal Development

Environmental Factors and Prenatal Development

10.2. Motor, Social, and Language Development in Childhood

Exploring the World: Motor Development

Early Emotional Development: Attachment

Learning to Communicate: Language Development

10.3. Personality, Cognitive, and Moral Development in Childhood

Becoming Unique: Personality Development

The Growth of Thought: Cognitive Development

The Development of Moral Reasoning

10.4. The Transition of Adolescence

Physiological Changes

Neural Development

The Search for Identity

Emerging Adulthood as a New Developmental Stage

10.5. The Expanse of Adulthood

Personality Development

Transitions in Family Life

Aging and Physiological Changes

Aging and Neural Changes

Aging and Cognitive Changes

Death and Dying

10.6. Reflecting on the Chapter’s Themes

10.7. Personal Application

How Do the Genders Differ in Behavior?

Biological Origins of Gender Differences

Environmental Origins of Gender Differences

Conclusion

10.8. Critical Thinking Application

The Basic Argument

Evaluating the Argument

Concept Chart

Chapter 11. Personality

11.1. The Nature of Personality

Defining Personality: Consistency and Distinctiveness

Personality Traits: Dispositions and Dimensions

The five-Factor Model of Personality Traits

11.2. Psychodynamic Perspectives

Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory

Jung’s Analytical Psychology

Adler’s Individual Psychology

Evaluating Psychodynamic Perspectives

11.3. Behavioral Perspectives

Skinner’s Ideas Applied to Personality

Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory

Mischel and the Person-Situation Controversy

Evaluating Behavioral Perspectives

11.4. Humanistic Perspectives

Rogers’s Person-Centered Theory

Maslow’s Theory of Self-Actualization

Evaluating Humanistic Perspectives

11.5. Biological Perspectives

Eysenck’s Theory

Behavioral Genetics and Personality

The Evolutionary Approach to Personality

Evaluating Biological Perspectives

11.6. Contemporary Empirical Approaches to Personality

Narcissism

Terror Management Theory

11.7. Culture and Personality

11.8. Reflecting on the Chapter’s Themes

11.9. Personal Application

Self-Report Inventories

Projective Tests

11.10. Critical Thinking Application

The Prevalence of Hindsight Bias

Hindsight and Personality

Other Implications of “20-20 Hindsight”

Concept Chart

Chapter 12. Social Behavior

12.1 . Person Perception: Forming Impressions of Others

Effects of Physical Appearance

Stereotypes

Subjectivity in Person Perception

An Evolutionary Perspective on Bias in Person Perception

12.2 . Attribution Processes: Explaining Behavior

Internal Versus Externa

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