Solution manual for The Changing Earth Exploring Geology and Evolution 7th Edition by James,Reed Wicander 9781285733418 128573341X

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ISBN 10:128573341X
ISBN 13:9781285733418
Author: James,Reed Wicander

THE CHANGING EARTH: EXPLORING GEOLOGY AND EVOLUTION, Seventh Edition, is a member of a rare breed of texts written specifically for courses covering both physical and historical geology. Three interrelated themes (plate tectonics, organic evolution, and geologic time) help students understand that Earth is a complex, integrated, and continually changing system. In the new edition authors James S. Monroe and Reed Wicander integrate new content emphasizing the economic impacts of geology. Topics such as fracking, nuclear waste, and the threat of earthquakes are covered in new Geo-Impact boxes that stress real-world applications. Lauded for their clear writing style, the authors go beyond simply explaining geology and its processes; rather, they place that knowledge within the context of human experience by consistently emphasizing relevance, resources, and the environment. New Global Geosciences Watch activities help students learn how to use an extensive database of articles on geology that are updated several times a day and are available exclusively for users of this book.

Solution manual for The Changing Earth Exploring Geology and Evolution 7th  Table of contents:

Chapter 1. Understanding Earth

1.1. Introduction

1.2. What is Geology?

1.3. Geology and the Formulation of Theories

1.4. How Does Geology Relate to the Human Experience?

1.5. How Does Geology Affect Our Everyday Lives?

1.6. Global Geologic and Environmental Issues Facing Humankind

1.7. Origin of the Universe and Solar System, and Earth’s Place in Them

Origin of the Universe—Did it Begin with a Big Bang?

Our Solar System—Its Origin and Evolution

Earth—Its Place in Our Solar System

1.8. Why Earth is a Dynamic and Evolving Planet

Plate Tectonic Theory

1.9. The Rock Cycle

How Are the Rock Cycle and Plate Tectonics Related?

1.10. Organic Evolution and the History of Life

1.11. Geologic Time and Uniformitarianism

1.12. How Does the Study of Geology Benefit Us?

Key Concepts Review

Important Terms

Review Questions

Chapter 2. Plate Tectonics: A Unifying Theory

2.1. Introduction

2.2. Early Ideas About Continental Drift

Alfred Wegener and the Continental Drift Hypothesis

2.3. What is the Evidence for Continental Drift?

Continental Fit

Similarity of Rock Sequences and Mountain Ranges

Glacial Evidence

Fossil Evidence

2.4. Features of the Seafloor

The Continental Shelf, Slope, and Rise

Abyssal Plains, Oceanic Ridges, Submarine Hydrothermal Vents, and Oceanic Trenches

Seamounts, Guyots, and Aseismic Ridges

Continental Margins

2.5. Earth’s Magnetic Field

2.6. Paleomagnetism and Polar Wandering

2.7. Magnetic Reversals and Seafloor Spreading

Deep-Sea Drilling and the Confirmation of Seafloor Spreading

2.8. Plate Tectonics: A Unifying Theory

2.9. The Three Types of Plate Boundaries

Divergent Boundaries

Convergent Boundaries

Transform Boundaries

2.10. Hot Spots and Mantle Plumes

2.11. Plate Movement and Motion

2.12. The Driving Mechanism of Plate Tectonics

2.13. Plate Tectonics and the Distribution of Natural Resources

Petroleum

Mineral Deposits

2.14. Plate Tectonics and the Distribution of Life

Key Concepts Review

Important Terms

Review Questions

Chapter 3. Minerals—The Building Blocks of Rocks

3.1. Introduction

3.2. Matter—What is It?

Atoms and Elements

Bonding and Compounds

3.3. Explore the World of Minerals

Naturally Occurring Inorganic Substances

Mineral Crystals

Chemical Composition of Minerals

Physical Properties of Minerals

3.4. Mineral Groups Recognized by Geologists

Silicate Minerals

Carbonate Minerals

Other Mineral Groups

3.5. Mineral Identification

Luster and Color

Crystal Form

Cleavage and Fracture

Hardness

Specific Gravity (Density)

Other Useful Mineral Properties

3.6. Rock-Forming Minerals

3.7. How do Minerals Form?

3.8. Economic Geology

Key Concepts Review

Important Terms

Review Questions

Chapter 4. Igneous Rocks and Plutons

4.1. Introduction

4.2. The Properties and Behavior of Magma and Lava

Composition of Magma

How Hot are Magma and Lava?

Viscosity—Resistance to Flow

4.3. How Does Magma Originate and Change?

Bowen’s Reaction Series

The Origin of Magma at Spreading Ridges

Subduction Zones and the Origin of Magma

Hot Spots and the Origin of Magma

Compositional Changes in Magma

4.4. Igneous Rocks—Their Characteristics and Classification

Igneous Rock Textures

Composition of Igneous Rocks

Classifying Igneous Rocks

4.5. Intrusive Igneous Bodies—Plutons

Dikes, Sills, and Laccoliths

Volcanic Pipes and Necks

Batholiths and Stocks

4.6. The Origin of Batholiths

Key Concepts Review

Important Terms

Review Questions

Chapter 5. Volcanoes and Volcanism

5.1. Introduction

5.2. Volcanoes and Volcanism

Volcanic Gases

Lava Flows

Pyroclastic Materials

5.3. Types of Volcanoes

Shield Volcanoes

Cinder Cones

Composite Volcanoes (Stratovolcanoes)

Lava Domes

Supervolcano Eruptions

5.4. Other Volcanic Landforms

Fissure Eruptions and Basalt Plateaus

Pyroclastic Sheet Deposits

5.5. Volcano Belts

5.6. North America’s Active Volcanoes

Alaska’s Volcanoes

The Cascade Range

5.7. Plate Tectonics, Volcanoes, and Plutons

Igneous Activity at Divergent Plate Boundaries

Igneous Activity at Convergent Plate Boundaries

Intraplate Volcanism

5.8. Volcanic Hazards, Volcano Monitoring, and Forecasting Eruptions

How Large is an Eruption, and How Long Do Eruptions Last?

Is it Possible to Forecast Eruptions?

Key Concepts Review

Important Terms

Review Questions

Chapter 6. Weathering, Erosion, and Soil

6.1. Introduction

6.2. Alteration of Minerals and Rocks

6.3. Mechanical Weathering—Disaggregation of Earth Materials

Frost Action

Pressure Release

Thermal Expansion and Contraction

Growth of Salt Crystals

Activities of Organisms

6.4. Chemical Weathering—Decomposition of Earth Materials

Solution

Oxidation

Hydrolysis

6.5. Soil and Its Origin

The Soil Profile

Factors that Control Soil Formation

6.6. Expansive Soils and Soil Degradation

Expansive Soils

Soil Degradation

6.7. Weathering and Resources

Key Concepts Review

Important Terms

Review Questions

Chapter 7. Sediment and Sedimentary Rocks

7.1. Introduction

7.2. Sediment Sources, Transport, and Deposition

7.3. How Does Sediment Become Sedimentary Rock?

7.4. Types of Sedimentary Rocks

Detrital Sedimentary Rocks

Chemical and Biochemical Sedimentary Rocks

7.5. Sedimentary Facies

7.6. Sedimentary Rocks—The Archives of Earth History

Sedimentary Structures

Fossils—Remains and Traces of Ancient Life

Determining the Environment of Deposition

7.7. Sedimentary Rocks and Economic Geology

Coal

Petroleum and Natural Gas

Uranium

Banded Iron Formation

Key Concepts Review

Important Terms

Review Questions

Chapter 8. Metamorphism and Metamorphic Rocks

8.1. Introduction

8.2. The Agents of Metamorphism

Heat

Pressure

Fluid Activity

8.3. The Three Types of Metamorphism

Contact Metamorphism

Dynamic Metamorphism

Regional Metamorphism

Index Minerals and Metamorphic Grade

8.4. How are Metamorphic Rocks Classified?

Foliated Metamorphic Rocks

Nonfoliated Metamorphic Rocks

8.5. Metamorphic Zones and Facies

8.6. Plate Tectonics and Metamorphism

8.7. Metamorphism and Natural Resources

Key Concepts Review

Important Terms

Review Questions

Chapter 9. Earthquakes and Earth’s Interior

9.1. Introduction

9.2. Elastic Rebound Theory

9.3. Seismology

The Focus and Epicenter of an Earthquake

9.4. Where Do Earthquakes Occur, and How Often?

9.5. Seismic Waves

Body Waves

Surface Waves

9.6. Locating an Earthquake

9.7. Measuring the Strength of an Earthquake

Intensity

Magnitude

9.8. What are the Destructive Effects of Earthquakes?

Ground Shaking

Fire

Tsunami: Killer Waves

Ground Failure

9.9. Earthquake Prediction

Earthquake Precursors

Earthquake Prediction Programs

9.10. Earthquake Control

9.11. What is Earth’s Interior Like?

9.12. The Core

Density and Composition of the Core

9.13. Earth’s Mantle

The Mantle’s Structure, Density, and Composition

9.14. Seismic Tomography

9.15. Earth’s Internal Heat

9.16. Earth’s Crust

Key Concepts Review

Important Terms

Review Questions

Chapter 10. Deformation, Mountain Building, and Earth’s Crust

10.1. Introduction

10.2. Rock Deformation—How Does it Occur?

Stress and Strain

Types of Strain

10.3. Strike and Dip—The Orientation of Deformed Rock Layers

10.4. Deformation and Geologic Structures

Folded Rock Layers

Joints

Faults

10.5. Deformation and the Origin of Mountains

Mountain Building

Plate Tectonics and Mountain Building

Terranes and the Origin of Mountains

10.6. Earth’s Crust

Principle of Isostasy

Isostatic Rebound

Key Concepts Review

Important Terms

Review Questions

Chapter 11. Mass Wasting

11.1. Introduction

11.2. Factors That Influence Mass Wasting

Slope Angle

Weathering and Climate

Water Content

Vegetation

Overloading

Geology and Slope Stability

Triggering Mechanisms

11.3. Types of Mass Wasting

Falls

Slides

Flows

Complex Movements

11.4. Recognizing and Minimizing the Effects of Mass Wasting

Key Concepts Review

Important Terms

Review Questions

Chapter 12. Running Water—Streams and Rivers

12.1. Introduction

12.2. Water on Earth

The Hydrologic Cycle

Fluid Flow

12.3. Running Water

Sheet Flow and Channel Flow

Gradient, Velocity, and Discharge

12.4. Running Water, Erosion, and Sediment Transport

12.5. Deposition by Running Water

Deposits of Braided and Meandering Rivers and Streams

Floodplain Deposits

Deltas

Alluvial Fans

12.6. Can Floods Be Predicted and Controlled?

12.7. Drainage Systems

The Significance of Base Level

What Is a Graded Stream?

12.8. The Evolution of Valleys

Incised Meanders

Superposed Streams

12.9. Water as a Natural Resource

Key Concepts Review

Important Terms

Review Questions

Chapter 13. Groundwater

13.1. Introduction

13.2. Groundwater and the Hydrologic Cycle

13.3. Porosity and Permeability

13.4. The Water Table

13.5. Groundwater Movement

13.6. Springs, Water Wells, and Artesian Systems

Springs

Water Wells

Artesian Systems

13.7. Groundwater Erosion and Deposition

Sinkholes and Karst Topography

Caves and Cave Deposits

13.8. Modification of the Groundwater System and Its Effects

Lowering the Water Table

Saltwater Incursion

Subsidence

Groundwater Contamination

Groundwater Quality

13.9. Hydrothermal Activity

Hot Springs

Geysers

Geothermal Energy

Key Concepts Review

Important Terms

Review Questions

Chapter 14. Glaciers and Glaciation

14.1. Introduction

14.2. The Kinds of Glaciers

Valley Glaciers

Continental Glaciers

14.3. Glaciers—Moving Bodies of Ice on Land

Glaciers—Part of the Hydrologic Cycle

How Do Glaciers Originate and Move?

Distribution of Glaciers

14.4. The Glacial Budget

How Fast Do Glaciers Move?

14.5. Erosion and Sediment Transport by Glaciers

Erosion by Valley Glaciers

Continental Glaciers and Erosional Landforms

14.6. Glacial Deposits

Landforms Composed of Till

Landforms Composed of Stratified Drift

Glacial Lake Deposits

14.7. What Causes Ice Ages?

The Milankovitch Theory

Short-Term Climatic Events

Key Concepts Review

Important Terms

Review Questions

Chapter 15. The Work of Wind and Deserts

15.1. Introduction

15.2. Sediment Transport by Wind

Bed Load

Suspended Load

15.3. Wind Erosion

Abrasion

Deflation

15.4. Wind Deposits

The Formation and Migration of Dunes

Dune Types

Loess

15.5. Air-Pressure Belts and Global Wind Patterns

15.6. The Distribution of Deserts

15.7. Characteristics of Deserts

Temperature, Precipitation, and Vegetation

Weathering and Soils

Mass Wasting, Streams, and Groundwater

Wind

15.8. Desert Landforms

Key Concepts Review

Important Terms

Review Questions

Chapter 16. Oceans, Shorelines, and Shoreline Processes

16.1. Introduction

16.2. Exploring the Oceans

16.3. Seawater and Oceanic Circulation

Seawater—Its Composition and Color

Oceanic Circulation

Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks on the Seafloor

16.4. Shorelines and Shoreline Processes

Tides, Waves, and Nearshore Currents

16.5. Shoreline Erosion and Deposition

Erosion

Deposition

The Nearshore Sediment Budget

16.6. Types of Coasts

Depositional and Erosional Coasts

Submergent and Emergent Coasts

16.7. The Perils of Living Near a Shoreline

Storm Waves and Coastal Flooding

Coastal Management as Sea Level Rises

16.8. The Oceans and Economic Geology

Key Concepts Review

Important Terms

Review Questions

Chapter 17. Geologic Time: Concepts and Principles

17.1. Introduction

17.2. How Geologic Time is Measured

17.3. Early Concepts of Geologic Time and Earth’s Age

17.4. James Hutton and the Recognition of Geologic Time

17.5. Relative Dating Methods

Fundamental Principles of Relative Dating

Unconformities

Applying the Principles of Relative Dating

17.6. Correlating Rock Units

Subsurface Correlation

17.7. Absolute Dating Methods

Atoms, Elements, and Isotopes

Radioactive Decay and Half-Lives

Sources of Uncertainty

Long-Lived Radioactive Isotope Pairs

Fission-Track Dating

Radiocarbon and Tree-Ring Dating Methods

17.8. Development of the Geologic Time Scale

17.9. Stratigraphy and Stratigraphic Terminology

17.10. Geologic Time and Climate Change

Key Concepts Review

Important Terms

Review Questions

Chapter 18. Organic Evolution—The Theory and Its Supporting Evidence

18.1. Introduction

18.2. Organic Evolution: What does it Mean?

Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck and His Ideas on Evolution

The Contributions of Charles Robert Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace

Natural Selection—What is its Significance?

18.3. Mendel and the Birth of Genetics

Mendel’s Experiments

Genes and Chromosomes

18.4. The Modern View of Organic Evolution

What Brings About Variation?

Speciation and the Rate of Evolution

Divergent, Convergent, and Parallel Evolution

Microevolution and Macroevolution

Mosaic Evolution and Evolutionary Trends

Cladistics and Cladograms

Extinctions

18.5. Evidence Supporting Evolutionary Theory

Classification—A Nested Pattern of Similarities

Biological Evidence Supporting Evolution

Biogeography

Fossils: What Do We Learn from Them?

The Evidence—A Summary

Key Concepts Review

Important Terms

Review Questions

Chapter 19. Precambrian Earth and Life History

19.1. Introduction

19.2. What Happened During the Hadean?

19.3. The Foundations of Continents—Shields, Platforms, and Cratons

19.4. Archean Earth History

Archean Rocks

Aarchean Plate Tectonics and the Origin of Cratons

19.5. Proterozoic Earth History

Paleoproterozoic History of Laurentia

Paleo- and Mesoproterozoic Igneous activity

Mesoproterozoic Orogeny and rifting

Meso- and Neoproterozoic Sedimentation

Proterozoic Supercontinents

Proterozoic Rocks

19.6. Origin and Evolution of the Atmosphere and Hydrosphere

The Atmosphere

The Great Oxygenation Event

The Hydrosphere

19.7. Life—Its Origin and Early History

The Origin of Life

Archean Organisms

Life of the Proterozoic

19.8. Resources in Precambrian Rocks

Archean Resources

Proterozoic Resources

Key Concepts Review

Importat Terms

Review Questions

Chapter 20. Paleozoic Earth History

20.1. Introduction

20.2. Continental Architecture: Cratons and Mobile Belts

20.3. Paleozoic Paleogeography

Early-Middle Paleozoic Global History

Late Paleozoic Global History

20.4. Paleozoic Evolution of North America

20.5. The Sauk Sequence

20.6. The Tippecanoe Sequence

Tippecanoe Reefs and Evaporites

The End of the Tippecanoe Sequence

20.7. The Kaskaskia Sequence

Reef Development in Western Canada

Black Shales

The Late Kaskaskia—A Return to Extensive Carbonate Deposition

20.8. The Absaroka Sequence

What are Cyclothems, and Why are they Important?

Cratonic Uplift—The Ancestral Rockies

The Late Absaroka—More Evaporite Deposits and Reefs

20.9. History of the Paleozoic Mobile Belts

Appalachian Mobile Belt

Cordilleran Mobile Belt

Ouachita Mobile Belt

20.10. What Role Did Microplates and Terranes Play in the Formation of Pangaea?

20.11. Paleozoic Mineral Resources

Key Concepts Review

Important Terms

Review Questions

Chapter 21. Paleozoic Life History

21.1. Introduction

21.2. What was the Cambrian Explosion?

21.3. The Emergence of a Shelly Fauna

21.4. The Present Marine Ecosystem

21.5. Paleozoic Invertebrate Marine Life

Cambrian Marine Community

The Burgess Shale Biota

Ordovician Marine Community

Silurian and Devonian Marine Communities

Carboniferous and Permian Marine Communities

The Permian Mass Extinction Event

21.6. Vertebrate Evolution

21.7. Fish

21.8. Amphibians—Vertebrates Invade the Land

21.9. Evolution of the Reptiles—The Land is Conquered

21.10. Plant Evolution

Silurian and Devonian Floras

Late Carboniferous and Permian Floras

Key Concepts Review

Important Terms

Review Questions

Chapter 22. Mesozoic Earth and Life History

22.1. Introduction

22.2. The Breakup of Pangaea

The Effects of the Breakup of Pangaea on Global Climates and Ocean Circulation Patterns

22.3. Mesozoic History of North America

Continental Interior

Eastern Coastal Region

Gulf Coastal Region

Western Region

22.4. What Role Did Accretion of Terranes Play in the Growth of Western North America?

22.5. Mesozoic Mineral Resources

22.6. Life of the Mesozoic Era

Marine Invertebrates and Phytoplankton

Aquatic and Semiaquatic Vertebrates

Plants—Primary Producers on Land

The Diversification of Reptiles

The Origin and Evolution of Birds

Evolution of Mammals

22.7. Mesozoic Climates and Paleogeography

22.8. Mass Extinctions—A Crisis in the History of Life

Key Concepts Review

Important Terms

Review Questions

Chapter 23. Cenozoic Earth and Life History

23.1. Introduction

23.2. Cenozoic Plate Tectonics

23.3. Cenozoic Orogenic Belts

The Alpine–Himalayan Orogenic Belt

The Circum-Pacific Orogenic Belt

23.4. Paleogene and Neogene Evolution of North America

The North American Cordillera

Cordilleran Igneous activity

Basin and Range Province

Colorado Plateau and Rio Grande Rift

Pacific Coast

The Continental Interior

Cenozoic History of the Appalachian Mountains

North America’s Southern and Eastern Continental Margins

The Gulf Coastal plain

The Atlantic Continental Margin

23.5. The pleistocene and Holocene Epochs

Pleistocene and Holocene Tectonism and Volcanism

Pleistocene Glaciation

23.6. Cenozoic Mineral Resources

23.7. Paleogene and Neogene Life History

Marine Invertebrates and Phytoplankton

Cenozoic Vegetation and Climate

Paleogene and Neogene Birds

Diversification of Mammals

Cenozoic Mammals

23.8. Pleistocene Faunas

Mammals and Birds

Primate Evolution

Hominids

Pleistocene Extinctions

Key Concepts Review

Important Terms

Review Questions

Chapter 24. Geology in Perspective

24.1. Introduction

24.2. Geology and the Environment

24.3. A Final Word

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