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ISBN 10: 1464148910
ISBN 13: 9781464148910
Author: John R. Anderson
Head to the forefront of the study of cognition as Cognitive Psychology and Its Implications incorporates the latest theoretical breakthroughs, research findings, and technological advances, while marking the increasing role of neuroscience in the study of cognitive functions.
Test Bank for Cognitive Psychology and Its Implications 8th Table of contents:
Chapter 1 The Science of Cognition
Motivations for Studying Cognitive Psychology
Intellectual Curiosity
Implications for Other Fields
Practical Applications
Implications 1.1 What Does Cognitive Psychology Tell Us about How to Study Effectively?
The History of Cognitive Psychology
Early History
Psychology in Germany: Focus on Introspective Observation
Psychology in America: Focus on Behavior
The Cognitive Revolution: AI, Information Theory, and Linguistics
Information-Processing Analyses
Implications 1.2 The Replicability Crisis
Cognitive Neuroscience
Information Processing: The Communicative Neurons
The Neuron
Neural Representation of Information
Organization of the Brain
Localization of Function
Topographic Organization
Methods in Cognitive Neuroscience
Neural Imaging Techniques
Using fMRI to Study Equation Solving
A Cognitive Neuroscience Revolution?
Chapter Review
Questions for Thought
Key Terms
Chapter 2 Perception
Visual Perception in the Brain
Early Visual Information Processing
Information Coding by Neurons in the Visual System
Depth and Surface Perception
Object Segmentation
Visual Pattern Recognition
Template-Matching Models
Implications 2.1 CAPTCHAs: Separating Humans from Bots
Feature Analysis
Object Recognition by Deep Convolutional Networks
Face Recognition
Implications 2.2 New Developments in Face-Recognition Software
Speech Recognition
Feature Analysis of Speech
Categorical Perception
Context and Pattern Recognition
Massaro’s FLMP Model for Combination of Context and Feature Information
Other Examples of Context and Recognition
Conclusions
Chapter Review
Questions for Thought
Key Terms
Chapter 3 Attention and Performance
Serial Bottlenecks
Auditory Attention
The Filter Theory
The Attenuation Theory and a Late-Selection Theory
Visual Attention
The Neural Basis of Visual Attention
Inattentional Blindness
Visual Search
The Binding Problem
Neglect of the Visual Field
Object-Based Attention
Central Attention: Selecting Lines of Thought to Pursue
Implications 3.1 Cell Phones and Distraction
Automaticity: Expertise through Practice
The Stroop Effect
Prefrontal Sites of Executive Control
Conclusions
Chapter Review
Questions for Thought
Key Terms
Chapter 4 Mental Imagery
Verbal Imagery Versus Visual Imagery
Implications 4.1 Using Brain Activation to Read People’s Minds
Visual Imagery
Mental Rotation
Image Scanning
Mental Comparison of Magnitudes
Are Visual Images Like Visual Perception?
Visual Imagery and Brain Areas
Imagery Involves Both Spatial and Visual Components
Individual Difference in Visual Imagery
Implications 4.2 Spatial Skills and STEM Education
Cognitive Maps
Egocentric and Allocentric Representations of Space
Map Distortions
Conclusions: Visual Perception and Visual Imagery
Chapter Review
Questions for Thought
Key Terms
Chapter 5 Representation of Knowledge
Knowledge and Regions of the Brain
Memory for Meaningful Interpretations of Events
Memory for Verbal Information
Memory for Visual Information
Importance of a Meaningful Interpretation to Memory
Implications 5.1 Mnemonic Techniques for Remembering Vocabulary Items
Propositional Representations
Amodal Versus Perceptual Symbol Systems
Embodied Cognition
Conceptual Knowledge
Semantic Networks
Schemas
House
Prototype Theories Versus Exemplar Theories
Rule-Based and Theory-Based Structures of Categories
Natural Categories and Their Brain Representations
Conclusions
Chapter Review
Questions for Thought
Key Terms
Chapter 6 Human Memory: Encoding and Storage
Memory and the Brain
Sensory Memory
Visual Sensory Memory
Auditory Sensory Memory
Short-Term Memory and Working Memory
A Theory of Short-Term Memory
Baddeley’s Theory of Working Memory
The Frontal Cortex and Primate Working Memory
Activation and Long-Term Memory
Activation Calculations
Spreading Activation
Practice and Memory Strength
The Power Law of Learning
Neural Correlates of the Power Law
Factors Influencing Memory
Spacing Effects
Elaborative Processing
Implications 6.1 How Does the Method of Loci Help Us Organize Recall?
Techniques for Studying Textual Material
Incidental Versus Intentional Learning
Flashbulb Memories
Conclusions
Chapter Review
Questions for Thought
Key Terms
Chapter 7 Human Memory: Retention and Retrieval
Are Memories Really Forgotten?
The Retention Function
How Interference Affects Memory
The Fan Effect: Networks of Associations
The Interfering Effect of Preexisting Memories
Both Decay and Interference?
An Inhibitory Explanation of Forgetting?
Implications 7.1 Is Forgetting Adaptive?
Relatedness Protects Against Interference
Retrieval and Inference
Plausible Retrieval
The Interaction of Elaboration and Inferential Reconstruction
Eyewitness Testimony and the False-Memory Controversy
Implications 7.2 How Have Advertisers Used Knowledge of Cognitive Psychology?
False Memories and the Brain
Associative Structure and Retrieval
The Effects of Encoding Context
The Encoding-Specificity Principle
The Hippocampal Formation and Amnesia
Implicit Versus Explicit Memory
Implicit Versus Explicit Memory in Normal Participants
Procedural Memory
Conclusions: The Many Varieties of Memory in the Brain
Chapter Review
Questions for Thought
Key Terms
Chapter 8 Problem Solving
The Nature of Problem Solving
A Comparative Perspective on Problem Solving
The Problem-Solving Process: Problem Space and Search
Problem-Solving Operators
Acquisition of Operators
Analogy and Imitation
Analogy and Imitation from an Evolutionary and Brain Perspective
Operator Selection
Difference Reduction
Means–Ends Analysis
The Tower of Hanoi Problem
Goal Structures and the Prefrontal Cortex
Giving Up on Problem Solving
Problem Representation
The Importance of the Correct Representation
Functional Fixedness
Implications 8.1 When Humans Are Better at Solving Problems Than Computers
Set Effects
Incubation Effects
Insight
Conclusions
Chapter Review
Questions for Thought
Key Terms
Chapter 9 Expertise
Skill Acquisition and Brain Activity
General Characteristics of Skill Acquisition
Three Phases of Skill Acquisition
Power Law of Learning
The Nature of Expertise
Proceduralization
Tactical Learning
Strategic Learning
Problem Perception
Pattern Learning and Memory
Implications 9.1 Computers Achieve Chess Expertise Differently Than Humans Do
Long-Term Memory and Expertise
The Role of Deliberate Practice
Talent versus Deliberate Practice
Transfer of Skill
Theory of Identical Elements
Educational Implications
Conclusions
Chapter Review
Questions for Thought
Key Terms
Chapter 10 Reasoning
Reasoning and the Brain
Reasoning About Conditionals
Two Valid Rules of Inference
Two Invalid Patterns of Inference
Causal Reasoning
The Wason Selection Task
Permission Interpretation of the Conditional
Probabilistic Interpretation of the Conditional
Final Thoughts on the Connective If
Reasoning About Quantifiers
Categorical Syllogisms
The Atmosphere Hypothesis
Limitations of the Atmosphere Hypothesis
Process Explanations
Inductive Reasoning and Hypothesis Testing
Hypothesis Formation
Hypothesis Testing
Scientific Discovery
Implications 10.1 How Convincing Is a 10% Result?
Dual-Process Theories
Conclusions
Chapter Review
Questions for Thought
Key Terms
Chapter 11 Decision Making
The Brain and Decision Making
Probabilistic Judgment
Bayes’s Theorem
Base-Rate Neglect
Conservatism
Correspondence to Bayes’s Theorem with Experience
Judgments of Probability
The Adaptive Nature of the Recognition Heuristic
Making Decisions Under Uncertainty
Implications 11.1 What Can We Believe with High Confidence?
Framing Effects
Implications 11.2 Why Are Adolescents More Likely Than Adults to Make Bad Decisions?
Choosing Among Many Alternatives
Neural Representation of Subjective Utility and Probability
Conclusions
Chapter Review
Questions for Thought
Key Terms
Chapter 12 Language Structure
Language and the Brain
The Field of Linguistics
Productivity and Regularity
Linguistic Intuitions
Competence Versus Performance
Syntactic Formalisms
Phrase Structure
Pause Structure in Speech
Speech Errors
Transformations
Is Human Language Special?
Arbitrary Association of Sign and Meaning
Displacement in Time and Space
Discreteness and Productivity
Can Apes Use Human Language?
Implications 12.1 Apes and the Ethics of Experimentation
The Relation Between Language and Thought
The Behaviorist Proposal
Linguistic Determinism
Does Language Depend on Thought?
The Modularity of Language
Language Acquisition
The Issue of Rules and the Case of Past Tense
The Quality of Input
Is There a Critical Period for Language Acquisition?
Implications 12.2 Does Bilingualism Confer a Cognitive Advantage?
Language Universals
Constraints on Transformations
Parameter Setting
Conclusions: The Uniqueness of Language: A Summary
Chapter Review
Questions for Thought
Key Terms
Chapter 13 Language Comprehension
Implications 13.1 Intelligent Chatterboxes
Brain and Language Comprehension
Parsing
Constituent Structure
Immediacy of Interpretation
Processing Syntactic Structure
Semantic Considerations
The Integration of Syntax and Semantics
Neural Indicants of Syntactic and Semantic Processing
Ambiguity
Neural Indicants of the Processing of Transient Ambiguity
Lexical Ambiguity
Modularity Compared with Interactive Processing
Utilization
Bridging Inferences and Elaborative Inferences
Inference of Reference
Pronominal Reference
Negatives
Processing Extended Texts: Levels of Representation, and Situation Models
Dimensions of Information in Situation Models
Implications 13.2 Nonverbal Communication
Conclusions
Chapter Review
Questions for Thought
Key Terms
Chapter 14 Individual Differences in Cognition
Cognitive Development
Piaget’s Stages of Development
Conservation
What Develops?
The Empiricist–Nativist Debate
Increased Mental Capacity
Increased Knowledge
Cognition and Aging
Implications 14.1 Is There a Relationship Between Age and Job Performance?
Psychometric Studies of Cognition
Intelligence Tests
Implications 14.2 Does IQ Determine Success in Life?
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