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ISBN 10: 8214350448
ISBN 13: 9798214350448
Author: James Petersen, Dorothy Sack
PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY, Eleventh Edition, uses the combined expertise of three accomplished and respected geographers to show not only what constitutes physical geography but also the interrelationships between people and Earth’s natural environment. The well-written text and excellent illustrations emphasize three essential themes to demonstrate the major roles of the discipline — Geography as Physical Science, Geography as Spatial Science, and Geography as Environmental Science. With a strong focus on processes and the interrelationships among Earth’s systems, this text guides you to an understanding and appreciation of how the various natural systems function and of how humans are an integral component of physical geography. Historically, this was the first Physical Geography textbook to take an environmental sustainability approach, and the authors continue to address the theme of human interactions with the environment.
Physical Geography 11th Table of contents:
1. Physical Geography: Earth Environments and Systems
The Study of Geography
Physical Geography
Geographic Tools and Technology
Major Perspectives in Physical Geography
Spatial Science Perspective
Physical Science Perspective
Environmental Science Perspective
Using Models and Systems
Systems Analysis
Open and Closed Systems
Equilibrium in Earth Systems
Physical Geography and You
Terms for Review
Questions for Review
Consider and Respond
Practical Applications
2. Representations of Earth
Maps and Location on Earth
Earth’s Shape and Size
Globes and Great Circles
Latitude and Longitude
The Geographic Grid
Parallels and Meridians
Longitude and Time
The International Date Line
The U.S. Public Lands Survey System
Global Navigational Satellite Systems
Maps and Map Projections
Advantages of Maps
Limitations of Maps
Map Projections
Properties of Map Projections
Map Basics
Thematic Maps
Topographic Maps
Modern Mapmaking
Geographic Information Systems
Geographic Information System in the Workplace
Remote Sensing of the Environment
Digital and Photographic Images
Remote Sensing Systems
Multispectral Remote Sensing
Terms for Review
Questions for Review
Consider and Respond
Practical Applications
Locate and Explore
3. Solar Energy and Earth-Sun Relationships
The Solar System and Beyond
The Solar System
The Planets
The Earth-Sun System
The Sun and Solar Energy
Solar Energy and Atmospheric Dynamics
Movements of Earth
Insolation, Sun Angle, and Duration
The Seasons
Latitude Lines Delimiting Solar Energy
The Analemma
Variations of Insolation with Latitude
Terms for Review
Questions for Review
Consider and Respond
Practical Applications
4. The Atmosphere, Temperature, and Earth’s Energy Budget
The Nature of Our Atmosphere
Atmospheric Composition
Atmospheric Environmental Issues
Vertical Layers of the Atmosphere
Energy Transfer Processes
Radiation
Conduction
Convection
Advection
Latent Heat Exchange
Earth’s Energy Budget
Heating the Atmosphere
Energy Balance
Air Temperature
Temperature and Heat
Short-Term Temperature Variations
Vertical Temperature Distributions
Controls of Earth’s Surface Temperatures
Temperature Distribution at the Surface
Annual Temperature Changes
Weather and Climate
Complexity of Earth’s Energy Systems
Terms for Review
Questions for Review
Consider and Respond
5. Atmospheric Pressure, Winds, and Circulation Patterns
Atmospheric Pressure
Air Pressure, Altitude, and Elevation
Horizontal Pressure Variations
Cells of High and Low Pressure
Convergent and Divergent Circulation
Mapping Pressure Distributions
Wind
Pressure Gradients and Wind
The Coriolis Effect and Wind
Cyclones, Anticyclones, and Wind Directions
Global Pressure and Wind Systems
A Model of Global Pressure
Seasonal Pressure Differences
Global Wind Systems
An Atmospheric Circulation Model
Winds in Latitudinal Zones
Latitudinal Migration with the Seasons
Longitudinal Variations in Pressure and Wind
Upper Air Winds and Jet Streams
Regional and Local Wind Systems
Monsoon Winds
Local Winds
Ocean–Atmosphere Interactions
Ocean Currents
El Niño
North Atlantic Oscillation
Terms for Review
Questions for Review
Consider and Respond
Practical Applications
6. Humidity, Condensation, and Precipitation
The Hydrologic Cycle
Water in the Atmosphere
The Water Budget
Water and the Energy Budget
Saturation and the Dew Point Temperature
Humidity
Sources of Atmospheric Moisture
Evaporation Rates
Potential Evapotranspiration
Condensation, Fog, and Clouds
Condensation Nuclei
Fog
Dew and Frost
Clouds
Adiabatic Heating and Cooling
Stability and Instability
Precipitation Processes
Collision–Coalescence Process
Forms of Precipitation
Factors Necessary for Precipitation
Distribution of Precipitation
Distribution over Time
Spatial Distribution of Precipitation
Precipitation Variability
Terms for Review
Questions for Review
Practical Applications
Practical Applications
Locate and Explore
7. Air Masses and Weather Systems
Air Masses
Air Mass Modification and Stability
North American Air Masses
Fronts
Cold Fronts
Warm Fronts
Stationary and Occluded Fronts
Atmospheric Disturbances
Anticyclones and Cyclones
Midlatitude Cyclones
Hurricanes
Thunderstorms
Tornadoes
Snowstorms and Blizzards
Weather Forecasting
Terms for Review
Questions for Review
Consider and Respond
Practical Applications
Locate and Explore
8. Global Climates and Climate Change
Classifying Climates
The Thornthwaite System
The Köppen System
Climate Types and Their Distribution
Scale and Climate
Climate Change
The Last Ice Ages: The Pleistocene
Methods for Revealing Past Climates
Rates of Climate Change
Natural Causes of Climate Change
Recent Climate Change
Anthropogenic Influences on Climate
Recommendations for the Future
Terms for Review
Questions for Review
Consider and Respond
Practical Applications
Locate and Explore
9. Low-Latitude and Arid Climate Regions
Humid Tropical Climate Regions
Tropical Rainforest Climate
Tropical Savanna Climate
Arid Climate Regions
Desert Climates
Steppe Climates
Terms for Review
Questions For Review
Consider and Respond
Practical Applications
10. Midlatitude, Polar, and Highland Climate Regions
Mesothermal Climate Regions
Mediterranean Climate
Humid Subtropical Climate
Marine West Coast Climate
Microthermal Climate Regions
Humid Continental, Hot-Summer Climate
Humid Continental, Mild-Summer Climate
Subarctic Climate
Polar Climate Regions
Tundra Climate
Ice-Sheet Climate
Human Activity in Polar Regions
Highland Climate Regions
Characteristics of Mountain Climates
Highland Climates and Human Activity
Terms for Review
Questions for Review
Consider and Respond
Practical Applications
11. Biogeography
Ecosystems
Major Components
Trophic Structure
Energy Flow and Biomass
Primary and Secondary Productivity
Ecological Niche
Succession and Climax Communities
Plant Succession
Environmental Controls
Natural Factors
Human Impacts on Ecosystems
Classification of Terrestrial Ecosystems
Forest Biomes
Tropical Forests
Midlatitude Forests
Grassland Biomes
Tropical Savanna Grasslands
Midlatitude Grasslands
Desert Environments
Arctic and Alpine Tundra
Marine Ecosystems
The Resilience of Life Forms
Terms for Review
Questions for Review
Consider and Respond
Practical Applications
12. Soils and Soil Development
Major Soil Components
Inorganic Materials
Soil Water
Soil Air
Organic Matter
Soil Characteristics
Color
Texture
Structure
Acidity and Alkalinity
Development of Soil Horizons
Soil Horizons
Factors Affecting Soil Formation
Parent Material
Organic Activity
Climate
Relief
Time
Soil-Forming Regimes
Laterization
Podzolization
Calcification
Localized Soil Regimes
Soil Classification
The NRCS Soil Classification System
NRCS Soil Orders
Soil as a Critical Natural Resource
Terms for Review
Questions for Review
Consider and Respond
Practical Applications
13. Earth Materials and Plate Tectonics
Earth’s Planetary Structure
Core
Mantle
Crust
Lithosphere and Asthenosphere
Earth Materials
Minerals versus Rocks
Igneous Rocks
Sedimentary Rocks
Metamorphic Rocks
The Rock Cycle
Plate Tectonics
The Theory of Continental Drift
Evidence of Moving Landmasses
Seafloor Spreading and Subduction
The Theory of Plate Tectonics
Tectonic Plate Movement
Hot Spots in the Mantle
Growth of Continents
Geologic Time and Paleogeography
Terms for Review
Questions for Review
Consider and Respond
Practical Applications
14. Tectonism and Volcanism
Introduction to Geomorphology
Tectonics Forces, Structures, and Landforms
Compressional Forces
Tensional Forces
Shearing Forces
Rock Structure and Topography
Earthquakes
Measuring Earthquake Size
Earthquake Hazards
Igneous Processes and Landforms
Plutonism and Intrusions
Volcanic Eruptions
Volcanic Landforms
Distribution of Endogenic Processes
Terms for Review
Questions for Review
Consider and Respond
Practical Applications
Locate and Explore
15. Weathering and Mass Wasting
Nature of Exogenic Processes
Weathering
Physical Weathering
Chemical Weathering
Biological Weathering
Variability in Weathering
Climate Factors
Rock Type
Structural Controls
Differential Weathering and Erosion
Mass Wasting
Materials and Motion
Slow Mass Wasting
Fast Mass Wasting
Weathering, Mass Wasting, and the Landscape
Terms for Review
Questions for Review
Consider and Respond
Practical Applications
Locate and Explore
16. Subsurface Water and Karst
Nature of Underground Water
Subsurface Water Zones and the Water Table
Groundwater Storage and Movement
Springs
Artesian Springs
Using Groundwater Resources
Wells
Depletion of Groundwater Reserves
Groundwater Quality
Geothermal Water
Landform Development by Solution
Karst Landforms
Limestone Caverns and Cave Features
Terms for Review
Questions for Review
Consider and Respond
Practical Applications
Locate and Explore
17. Fluvial Processes and Landforms
Surface Runoff
The Stream System
Drainage Basins
Drainage Density
Drainage Patterns
Flow Properties
Stream Discharge
Stream Energy
Fluvial Processes
Erosion
Transportation
Deposition
Channel Patterns
Fluvial Landscapes
Upper Stream Course
Middle Stream Course
Lower Stream Course
Deltas
Base-Level Changes and Tectonism
Rivers, Lakes, and People
Stream Hazards
Importance of Rivers and Lakes
Quantitative Fluvial Geomorphology
Terms for Review
Questions for Review
Consider and Respond
Practical Applications
Locate and Explore
18. Arid Region and Eolian Landforms
Surface Runoff in the Desert
Water as a Geomorphic Agent in Arid Lands
Arid Region Landforms of Fluvial Erosion
Arid Region Landforms of Fluvial Deposition
Wind as a Geomorphic Agent
Wind Erosion and Transportation
Wind Deposition
Sand Dunes
Types of Sand Dunes
Dune Protection
Loess Deposits
Landscape Development in Deserts
Terms for Review
Questions for Review
Consider and Respond
Practical Applications
Locate and Explore
19. Glacial Systems and Landforms
Glacier Formation and the Hydrologic Cycle
Types of Glaciers
How Do Glaciers Flow?
Glaciers as Geomorphic Agents
Alpine Glaciers
Equilibrium and the Glacial Budget
Erosional Landforms of Alpine Glaciation
Depositional Landforms of Alpine Glaciation
Continental Glaciers
Existing Continental Glaciers
Pleistocene Glaciation
Erosional Landforms of Continental Glaciation
Depositional Landforms of Continental Glaciation
Glacial Lakes
Periglacial Landscapes
Terms for Review
Questions for Review
Consider and Respond
Practical Applications
Locate and Explore
20. Coastal Processes and Landforms
The Coastal Zone
Origin and Nature of Waves
Tides
Tsunamis
Wind Waves
Breaking of Waves
Coastal Geomorphic Processes
Wave Refraction and Littoral Drifting
Coastal Erosion
Coastal Deposition
Types of Coasts
Islands and Coral Reefs
Change over Time
Terms for Review
Questions for Review
Consider and Respond
Practical Applications
Locate and Explore
Appendix A. International System of Units (SI), Abbreviations, and Conversions
Appendix B. Topographic Maps
Appendix C. Understanding and Recognizing Some Common Rocks
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Tags: James Petersen, Dorothy Sack, Physical Geography