Test Bank for PSYCH 5 Introductory Psychology 5th Edition by Spencer Rathus ISBN 8214351407 9798214351407

1. What Is Psychology?

1-1. Psychology as a Science

1-1a. What Psychologists Do

1-1b. Fields of Psychology

1-2. Historical Foundations of Psychology

1-2a. Structuralism

1-2b. Functionalism

1-2c. Behaviorism

1-2d. Gestalt Psychology

1-2e. Psychoanalysis

1-3. Contemporary Perspectives in Psychology

1-3a. The Biological Perspective

1-3b. The Cognitive Perspective

1-3c. The Humanistic–Existential Perspective

1-3d. The Psychodynamic Perspective

1-3e. Perspectives on Learning

1-3f. The Sociocultural Perspective

1-4. How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes

1-4a. The Scientific Method

1-4b. Samples and Populations

1-4c. Problems in Generalizing from Psychological Research

1-5. Methods of Research

1-5a. Methods of Observation

1-5b. Correlation

1-5c. The Experimental Method

1-6. Ethics in Psychological Research

1-6a. Ethics of Research with Humans

1-6b. Ethics of Research with Animals

1-7. Critical Thinking

1-7a. Principles of Critical Thinking

1-CA. Chapter Application

1-CA. Self-Assessment: Social Desirability Scale

1-CQ. Chapter Review Questions

Learning Outcomes / Key Terms

Section Content

2. Biology and Psychology

2-1. The Nervous System: On Being Wired

2-1a. Neurons: Into the Fabulous Forest

2-1b. The Neural Impulse: “The Body Electric”

2-1c. Neurotransmitters: The Chemical Keys to Communication

2-2. The Divisions of the Nervous System

2-2a. The Peripheral Nervous System: The Body’s Peripheral Devices

2-2b. The Central Nervous System: The Body’s Central Processing Unit

2-3. The Brain: Wider than the Sky

2-3a. Understanding the Brain

2-3b. Experimenting with the Brain

2-4. A Voyage through the Brain

2-5. The Cerebral Cortex

2-5a. The Structure of the Cerebral Cortex

2-5b. Thinking, Language, and the Cerebral Cortex

2-5c. Left Brain, Right Brain?

2-5d. Handedness

2-5e. Split-Brain Experiments

2-6. The Endocrine System

2-6a. The Pituitary and the Hypothalamus

2-6b. The Pineal Gland

2-6c. The Thyroid Gland

2-6d. The Adrenal Glands

2-6e. The Testes and the Ovaries

2-7. Evolution and Heredity

2-7a. Evolutionary Psychology: Doing What Comes Naturally

2-7b. Heredity, Genetics, and Behavioral Genetics

2-7c. Genes and Chromosomes

2-7d. Kinship Studies

2-CA. Chapter Application

2-CA. Application: Coping With PMS

2-CQ. Chapter Review Questions

Learning Outcomes / Key Terms

Section Content

3. Sensation and Perception

3-1. Sensation and Perception

3-1a. Absolute Threshold

3-1b. Subliminal Stimulation

3-1c. Difference Threshold

3-1d. Signal–Detection Theory

3-1e. Feature Detectors in the Brain

3-1f. Sensory Adaptation

3-2. Vision

3-2a. Light

3-2b. The Eye

3-2c. Color Vision

3-2d. Theories of Color Vision

3-2e. Color Blindness

3-3. Visual Perception

3-3a. Perceptual Organization

3-3b. Perception of Motion

3-3c. Depth Perception

3-3d. Perceptual Constancies

3-3e. Visual Illusions

3-4. Hearing

3-4a. Pitch and Loudness

3-4b. The Ear

3-4c. Locating Sounds

3-4d. Perception of Loudness and Pitch

3-4e. Deafness

3-5. The Other Senses

3-5a. The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

3-5b. The Skin Senses

3-5c. Kinesthesis and the Vestibular Sense

3-6. ESP: Is There Perception Without Sensation?

3-CA. Chapter Application

3-CA. Application: Pain, Pain, Go Away—Don’t Come Again Another Day

3-CQ. Chapter Review Questions

Learning Outcomes / Key Terms

Section Content

4. Consciousness

4-1. What Is Consciousness?

4-1a. Consciousness as Awareness

4-1b. Conscious, Preconscious, Unconscious, and Nonconscious

4-1c. Consciousness as Personal Unity

4-1d. Consciousness as the Waking State

4-2. Sleep and Dreams

4-2a. Biological and Circadian Rhythms

4-2b. The Stages of Sleep

4-2c. The Functions of Sleep

4-2d. Dreams

4-2e. Sleep Disorders

4-3. Altering Consciousness: Hypnosis, Meditation, and Biofeedback

4-3a. Hypnosis

4-3b. Meditation

4-3c. Biofeedback

4-4. Altering Consciousness through Drugs

4-4a. Substance Use and Substance Use Disorders

4-4b. Causal Factors in Substance Use Disorders

4-5. Depressants

4-5a. Alcohol

4-5b. Opiates

4-5c. Barbiturates

4-6. Stimulants

4-6a. Amphetamines and Related Stimulants

4-6b. Nicotine

4-7. Hallucinogenics

4-7a. Marijuana

4-7b. LSD and Other Hallucinogenics

4-CA. Chapter Application

4-CA. Self-Assessment: Do You Have a Problem with Alcohol?

4-CQ. Chapter Review Questions

Learning Outcomes / Key Terms

Section Content

5. Learning

5-1. Learning, Experience, and Change

5-2. Classical Conditioning: Learning What Is Linked to What

5-2a. Explaining Classical Conditioning

5-2b. Stimuli and Responses in Classical Conditioning

5-2c. Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery

5-2d. Generalization and Discrimination

5-2e. Higher-Order Conditioning

5-3. Applications of Classical Conditioning

5-3a. Taste Aversion

5-3b. “Little Albert”: Classical Conditioning of Emotional Responses

5-3c. Counterconditioning

5-3d. Flooding and Systematic Desensitization

5-4. Operant Conditioning: Learning What Does What to What

5-4a. Edward L. Thorndike and the Law of Effect

5-4b. B. F. Skinner and Reinforcement

5-4c. Methods of Operant Conditioning

5-4d. Types of Reinforcers

5-4e. Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery in Operant Conditioning

5-4f. Reinforcers versus Rewards and Punishments

5-4g. Discriminative Stimuli

5-4h. Schedules of Reinforcement

5-5. Applications of Operant Conditioning

5-5a. Biofeedback Training

5-5b. Shaping

5-5c. Behavior Modification

5-5d. Programmed Learning

5-6. Cognitive Factors in Learning

5-6a. Latent Learning: Forming Cognitive Maps

5-6b. Contingency Theory

5-6c. Observational Learning

5-6d. Violence in the Media and Aggression

5-CA. Chapter Application

5-CA. Application: Modifying the “ABCs” of Smoking

5-CQ. Chapter Review Questions

Learning Outcomes / Key Terms

Section Content

6. Memory: Remembrance of Things Past—and Future

6-1. Kinds of Memory

6-1a. Explicit Memory

6-1b. Implicit Memory

6-1c. Retrospective Memory versus Prospective Memory

6-2. Processes of Memory

6-2a. Encoding

6-2b. Storage

6-2c. Retrieval

6-3. Sensory Memory

6-3a. Iconic Memory

6-3b. Iconic Memory and Saccadic Eye Movement

6-3c. Echoic Memory

6-4. Short-Term Memory

6-4a. The Serial-Position Effect

6-4b. Chunking

6-4c. Interference in Short-Term Memory

6-5. Long-Term Memory

6-5a. How Accurate Are Long-Term Memories?

6-5b. How Much Information Can Be Stored in Long-Term Memory?

6-5c. Levels of Processing Information

6-5d. Flashbulb Memories

6-5e. Organization in Long-Term Memory

6-5f. The Tip-of-the-Tongue Phenomenon

6-5g. Context-Dependent Memory

6-6. Forgetting

6-6a. Memory Tasks Used in Measuring Forgetting

6-6b. Interference Theory

6-6c. Repression

6-6d. Infantile Amnesia

6-6e. Anterograde and Retrograde Amnesia

6-7. The Biology of Memory

6-7a. Neural Activity and Memory

6-7b. Brain Structures and Memory

6-CA. Chapter Application

6-CA. Application: Using the Psychology of Memory to Enhance Your Memory

6-CQ. Chapter Review Questions

Learning Outcomes / Key Terms

Section Content

7. Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

7-1. Thinking

7-1a. Concepts

7-1b. Problem Solving

7-1c. Methods of Problem Solving

7-1d. Factors That Affect Problem Solving

7-1e. Judgment and Decision Making

7-2. Language

7-2a. Communication by Nonhumans

7-2b. What Is Language?

7-2c. Language and Cognition

7-2d. Language and Culture

7-3. Language Development: The Two-Year Explosion

7-3a. Prelinguistic Vocalizations

7-3b. Development of Grammar

7-3c. Nature and Nurture in Language Development

7-4. Theories of Intelligence

7-4a. Factor Theories

7-4b. The Theory of Multiple Intelligences

7-4c. The Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

7-4d. Emotional Intelligence and Social Intelligence

7-4e. Creativity and Intelligence

The Measurement of Intelligence

7-5a. The Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scale

7-5b. The Wechsler Scales

7-5c. Group Tests

7-5d. The Reliability and Validity of Intelligence Tests

7-5e. Differences in Intellectual Functioning

7-6. Nature and Nurture in Intelligence

7-6a. Genetic Influences on Intelligence

7-6b. Environmental Influences on Intelligence

7-CA. Chapter Application

7-CA. Application: Enhancing the Intellectual Functioning of Your Children

7-CQ. Chapter Review Questions

Learning Outcomes / Key Terms

Section Content

8. Motivation and Emotion

8-1. The Psychology of Motivation

8-2. Theories of Motivation

8-2a. The Evolutionary Perspective

8-2b. Drive-Reductionism and Homeostasis

8-2c. The Search for Stimulation

8-2d. Humanistic Theory

8-2e. Cognitive Perspectives on Motivation

8-3. Hunger

8-3a. Biological Influences on Hunger

8-3b. Psychological Influences on Hunger

8-3c. Being Overweight: A Serious and Pervasive Problem

8-3d. Eating Disorders

8-4. Sexual Motivation and Sexual Orientation

8-4a. Hormones and Sexual Motivation

8-4b. Sexual Response and Sexual Behavior

8-4c. Surveys of Sexual Behavior

8-4d. Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity

8-5. Achievement Motivation

8-5a. Extrinsic versus Intrinsic Motives

8-6. Emotion

8-6a. The Expression of Emotions

8-6b. Positive Psychology

8-6c. The Facial-Feedback Hypothesis

8-7. Theories of Emotion

8-7a. The James–Lange Theory

8-7b. The Cannon–Bard Theory

8-7c. The Theory of Cognitive Appraisal

8-7d. Evaluation

8-CA. Chapter Application

8-CA. Application: The Skinny on Weight Control

8-CQ. Chapter Review Questions

Learning Outcomes / Key Terms

Section Content

9. The Voyage through the Life Span

9-1. Prenatal Development

9-2. Childhood: Physical Development

9-2a. Reflexes

9-2b. Motor Development

9-2c. Perceptual Development

9-3. Childhood: Cognitive Development

9-3a. Jean Piaget’s Cognitive-Development Theory

9-3b. Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development

9-3c. Evaluation of Piaget’s Theory

9-3d. Lev Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory

9-3e. Lawrence Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development

9-3f. Evaluation of Kohlberg’s Theory

9-4. Childhood: Social and Emotional Development

9-4a. Erik Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development

9-4b. Attachment

9-4c. Parenting Styles

9-5. Adolescence

9-5a. Physical Development

9-5b. Cognitive Development

9-5c. Social and Emotional Development

9-6. Emerging Adulthood

9-7. Adulthood

9-7a. Physical Development

9-7b. Cognitive Development

9-7c. Social and Emotional Development

9-CA. Chapter Application

9-CA. Application: Finding Child Care You (and Your Child) Can Live With

9-CQ. Chapter Review Questions

Learning Outcomes / Key Terms

Section Content

10. Personality: Theory and Measurement

10-1. The Psychodynamic Perspective

10-1a. Sigmund Freud’s Theory of Psychosexual Development

10-1b. Neo-Freudians

10-1c. Evaluation of the Psychodynamic Perspective

10-2. The Trait Perspective

10-2a. From Hippocrates to the Present

10-2b. Hans Eysenck’s Trait Theory

10-2c. The “Big Five”: The Five-Factor Model

10-2d. Biology and Traits

10-2e. Evaluation of the Trait Perspective

10-3. Learning-Theory Perspectives

10-3a. Behaviorism

10-3b. Social–Cognitive Theory

10-3c. Evaluation of the Learning Perspective

10-4. The Humanistic–Existential Perspective

10-4a. Abraham Maslow and the Challenge of Self-Actualization

10-4b. Carl Rogers’s Self Theory

10-4c. Evaluation of the Humanistic–Existential Perspective

10-5. The Sociocultural Perspective

10-5a. Individualism versus Collectivism: Who Am I (In This Cultural Setting)?

10-5b. Acculturation, Adjustment, and Self-Esteem

10-5c. Evaluation of the Sociocultural Perspective

10-6. Measurement of Personality

10-6a. Objective Tests

10-6b. Projective Tests

10-CA. Chapter Application

10-CA. Self-Assessment: Do You Strive to Be All That You Can Be?

10-CQ. Chapter Review Questions

Learning Outcomes / Key Terms

Section Content

11. Stress, Health, and Coping

11-1. Stress: What It Is, Where It Comes From

11-1a. Daily Hassles and Life Changes

11-1b. Hassles, Life Changes, and Health Problems

11-1c. Conflict

11-1d. Irrational Beliefs

11-1e. The Type A Behavior Pattern

11-2. Psychological Moderators of Stress

11-2a. Self-Efficacy Expectations: “The Little Engine That Could”

11-2b. Psychological Hardiness

11-2c. Sense of Humor

11-2d. Predictability and Control

11-2e. Emotional Support

11-3. Stress and the Body

11-3a. The General Adaptation Syndrome

11-3b. Effects of Stress on the Immune System

11-4. Psychology and Chronic Health Problems

11-4a. Coronary Heart Disease

11-4b. Cancer

11-CA. Chapter Application

11-CA. Self-Assessment: Going Through Changes: How Stressful Is Your Life?

11-CQ. Chapter Review Questions

Learning Outcomes / Key Terms

Section Content

12. Psychological Disorders

12-1. What Are Psychological Disorders?

12-1a. Perspectives on Psychological Disorders

12-1b. Classifying Psychological Disorders

12-1c. Prevalence of Psychological Disorders

12-2. Anxiety Disorders

12-2a. Specific Phobic Disorders

12-2b. Social Anxiety Disorder

12-2c. Panic Disorder

12-2d. Generalized Anxiety Disorder

12-2e. Origins of Anxiety Disorders

12-3. Obsessive–Compulsive and Related Disorders

12-3a. Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder

12-3b. Hoarding Disorder

12-4. Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders

12-4a. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

12-4b. Acute Stress Disorder

12-5. Dissociative Disorders

12-5a. Dissociative Identity Disorder

12-5b. Dissociative Amnesia

12-5c. Depersonalization–Derealization Disorder

12-5d. Origins of Dissociative Disorders

12-6. Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders

12-6a. Illness Anxiety Disorder

12-6b. Conversion Disorder

12-6c. Origins of Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders

12-7. Mood Disorders

12-7a. Bipolar Disorder

12-7b. Depressive Disorders

12-7c. Suicide

12-8. Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders

12-8a. Schizophrenia

12-8b. Delusional Disorder

12-8c. Explaining Schizophrenia

12-9. Personality Disorders

12-9a. Paranoid Personality Disorder

12-9b. Schizoid Personality Disorder

12-9c. Schizotypal Personality Disorder

12-9d. Antisocial Personality Disorder

12-9e. Borderline Personality Disorder

12-9f. Avoidant Personality Disorder

12-9g. Origins of Personality Disorders

12-CA. Chapter Application

12-CA. Self-Assessment: Are You Depressed?

12-CQ. Chapter Review Questions

Learning Outcomes / Key Terms

Section Content

13. Methods of Therapy

13-1. What Is Psychotherapy?

13-1a. The History of Therapies

13-2. Psychodynamic Therapies

13-2a. Traditional Psychoanalysis

13-2b. Modern Psychodynamic Approaches

13-3. Humanistic Therapies

13-3a. Client-Centered Therapy

13-3b. Gestalt Therapy

13-4. Behavior Therapy

13-4a. Fear-Reduction Methods

13-4b. Aversive Conditioning

13-4c. Operant Conditioning Procedures

13-5. Cognitive Therapies

13-5a. Aaron Beck’s Cognitive Therapy

13-5b. Albert Ellis’s Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy

13-5c. Toward a Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy

13-6. Group Therapies

13-6a. Couple Therapy

13-6b. Family Therapy

13-6c. Self-Help and Support Groups

13-7. Does Psychotherapy Work?

13-7a. Evidence-Based Practices

13-7b. Ethnicity and Psychotherapy

13-8. Biological Therapies

13-8a. Drug Therapy

13-8b. Electroconvulsive Therapy

13-8c. Psychosurgery

13-8d. Does Biological Therapy Work?

13-CA. Chapter Application

13-CA. Application: Alleviating Depression with Rational Thinking

13-CQ. Chapter Review Questions

Learning Outcomes / Key Terms

Section Content

14. Social Psychology

14-1. Attitudes

14-1a. Predicting Behavior from Attitudes

14-1b. Attitude Formation

14-1c. Changing Attitudes through Persuasion

14-1d. Changing Attitudes and Behavior by Means of Cognitive Dissonance

14-2. Prejudice and Discrimination

14-2a. Stereotyping

14-2b. Sources of Prejudice

14-3. Attraction and Love

14-3a. Physical Appearance

14-3b. Gender Differences in Selection of a Romantic Partner

14-3c. The Attraction–Similarity Hypothesis

14-3d. Love

14-4. Social Perception

14-4a. Primacy and Recency Effects

14-4b. Attribution Theory

14-5. Social Influence

14-5a. Obedience to Authority

14-5b. Conformity

14-5c. Factors That Influence Conformity

14-6. Aggression

14-6a. Biology, Chemistry, and Aggression

14-6b. Psychological Aspects of Aggression

14-6c. Combating Prejudice

14-7. Group Behavior

14-7a. Social Facilitation

14-7b. Group Decision Making

14-7c. Polarization and the “Risky Shift”

14-7d. Groupthink

14-7e. Mob Behavior and Deindividuation

14-7f. Altruism and the Bystander Effect

14-CA. Chapter Application

14-CA. Self-Assessment: The Triangular Love Scale

14-CQ. Chapter Review Questions

Learning Outcomes / Key Terms

Section Content

Appendix A. Statistics

Learning Outcomes

App 1. Statistics

App 2. Descriptive Statistics

App 2a. The Frequency Distribution

App 2b. Measures of Central Tendency

App 2c. Measures of Variability

App 3. The Normal Curve

App 4. The Correlation Coefficient

App 5. Inferential Statistics

App 5a. Statistically Significant Differences

App 5b. Samples and Populations