Test Bank for Raven Biology of Plants 8th Edition by Ray Evert, Susan Eichhorn ISBN 9781464117886 1464117888

1 Botany: An Introduction

Evolution of Plants

Evolution of Communities

Appearance of Human Beings

SECTION 1 BIOLOGY OF THE PLANT CELL

2 The Molecular Composition of Plant Cells

Organic Molecules

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Proteins

ESSAY: Vegetarians, Amino Acids, and Nitrogen

Nucleic Acids

Secondary Metabolites

3 The Plant Cell and the Cell Cycle

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

ESSAY: Cell Theory versus Organismal Theory

The Plant Cell: An Overview

Nucleus

Chloroplasts and Other Plastids

Mitochondria

Peroxisomes

Vacuoles

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Golgi Apparatus

Cytoskeleton

ESSAY: Cytoplasmic Streaming in Giant Algal Cells

Flagella and Cilia

Cell Wall

The Cell Cycle

Interphase

Mitosis and Cytokinesis

4 The Movement of Substances into and out of Cells

Principles of Water Movement

Cells and Diffusion

Osmosis and Living Organisms

ESSAY: Imbibition

Structure of Cellular Membranes

Transport of Solutes across Membranes

ESSAY: Patch-Clamp Recording in the Study of Ion Channels

Vesicle-Mediated Transport

Cell-to-Cell Communication

SECTION 2 ENERGETICS

5 The Flow of Energy

The Laws of Thermodynamics

Oxidation–Reduction

Enzymes

Cofactors in Enzyme Action

Metabolic Pathways

Regulation of Enzyme Activity

The Energy Factor: ATP

6 Respiration

An Overview of Glucose Oxidation

Glycolysis

The Aerobic Pathway

ESSAY: Bioluminescence

Other Substrates for Respiration

Anaerobic Pathways

ESSAY: The Botany of Beer

The Strategy of Energy Metabolism

7 Photosynthesis, Light, and Life

Photosynthesis: A Historical Perspective

The Nature of Light

ESSAY: The Fitness of Light

The Role of Pigments

The Reactions of Photosynthesis

The Carbon-Fixation Reactions

ESSAY: Global Warming: The Future Is Now

SECTION 3 GENETICS AND EVOLUTION

8 Sexual Reproduction and Heredity

Sexual Reproduction

The Eukaryotic Chromosome

The Process of Meiosis

How Characteristics Are Inherited

Mendel’s Two Principles

Linkage

Mutations

Broadening the Concept of the Gene

Asexual Reproduction: An Alternative Strategy

Advantages and Disadvantages of Asexual and Sexual Reprodution

ESSAY: Vegetative Reproduction: Some Ways and Means

9 The Chemistry of Heredity and Gene Expression

The Structure of DNA

DNA Replication

From DNA to Protein: The Role of RNA

The Genetic Code

Protein Synthesis

Regulation of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes

The DNA of the Eukaryotic Chromosome

Transcription and Processing of mRNA in Eukaryotes

Noncoding RNAs and Gene Regulation

10 Recombinant DNA Technology, Plant Biotechnology, and Genomics

Recombinant DNA Technology

Plant Biotechnology

ESSAY: Model Plants: Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa

ESSAY: Totipotency

Genomics

11 The Process of Evolution

Darwin’s Theory

The Concept of the Gene Pool

The Behavior of Genes in Populations: The Hardy-Weinberg Law

The Agents of Change

Responses to Selection

ESSAY: Invasive Plants

The Result of Natural Selection: Adaptation

The Origin of Species

How Does Speciation Occur?

ESSAY: Adaptive Radiation in Hawaiian Lobeliads

The Origin of Major Groups of Organisms

SECTION 4 DIVERSITY

12 Systematics: The Science of Biological Diversity

Taxonomy: Nomenclature and Classification

ESSAY: Convergent Evolution

Cladistics

Molecular Systematics

ESSAY: Google Earth: A Tool for Discovering and Protecting Biodiversity

The Major Groups of Organisms: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

Origin of the Eukaryotes

The Protists and Eukaryotic Kingdoms

Life Cycles and Diploidy

13 Prokaryotes and Viruses

Characteristics of the Prokaryotic Cell

Diversity of Form

Reproduction and Gene Exchange

Endospores

Metabolic Diversity

Bacteria

Archaea

Viruses

Viroids: Other Infectious Particles

14 Fungi

The Importance of Fungi

Characteristics of Fungi

ESSAY: Phototroprism in a Fungus

Microsporidians: Phylum Microsporidia

Chytrids: A Polyphyletic Group of Fungi with Flagellated Cells

Zygomycetes: A Polyphyletic Group of Filamentous Fungi

Glomeromycetes: Phylum Glomeromycota

Ascomycetes: Phylum Ascomycota

Basidiomycetes: Phylum Basidiomycota

ESSAY: Predaceous Fungi

Symbiotic Relationships of Fungi

ESSAY: From Pathogen to Symbiont: Fungal Endophytes

15 Protists: Algae and Heterotrophic Protists

Ecology of the Algae

ESSAY: Algae and Human Affairs

ESSAY: Red Tides/Toxic Blooms

Euglenoids

Cryptomonads: Phylum Cryptophyta

Haptophytes: Phylum Haptophyta

Dinoflagellates

ESSAY: Coral Reefs and Global Warming

Photosynthetic Stramenopiles

Red Algae: Phylum Rhodophyta

Green Algae

Heterotrophic Protists

16 Bryophytes

The Relationships of Bryophytes to Other Groups

Comparative Structure and Reproduction of Bryophytes

Liverworts: Phylum Marchantiophyta

Mosses: Phylum Bryophyta

Hornworts: Phylum Anthocerotophyta

17 Seedless Vascular Plants

Evolution of Vascular Plants

Organization of the Vascular Plant Body

Reproductive Systems

The Phyla of Seedless Vascular Plants

ESSAY: Coal Age Plants

Phylum Rhyniophyta

Phylum Zosterophyllophyta

Phylum Trimerophytophyta

Phylum Lycopodiophyta

Phylum Monilophyta

18 Gymnosperms

Evolution of the Seed

Progymnosperms

Extinct Gymnosperms

Living Gymnosperms

Phylum Coniferophyta

Other Living Gymnosperm Phyla: Cycadophyta, Ginkgophyta, and Gnetophyta

19 Introduction to the Angiosperms

Diversity in the Phylum Anthophyta

The Flower

The Angiosperm Life Cycle

ESSAY: Hay Fever

20 Evolution of the Angiosperms

Angiosperm Ancestors

Time of Origin and Diversification of the Angiosperms

Phylogenetic Relationships of the Angiosperms

Evolution of the Flower

Evolution of Fruits

Biochemical Coevolution

21 Plants and People

The Rise of Agriculture

ESSAY: The Origin of Maize

The Growth of Human Populations

ESSAY: Biofuels: Part of the Solution, or Another Problem?

Agriculture in the Future

SECTION 5 THE ANGIOSPERM PLANT BODY: STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT

22 Early Development of the Plant Body

Formation of the Embryo

The Mature Embryo

Seed Maturation

Requirements for Seed Germination

ESSAY: Wheat: Bread and Bran

From Embryo to Adult Plant

23 Cells and Tissues of the Plant Body

Apical Meristems and Their Derivatives

Growth, Morphogenesis, and Differentiation

Internal Organization of the Plant Body

Ground Tissues

Vascular Tissues

Dermal Tissues

24 The Root: Structure and Development

Root Systems

Origin and Growth of Primary Tissues

Primary Structure

Effect of Secondary Growth on the Primary Body of the Root

Origin of Lateral Roots

Aerial Roots and Air Roots

Adaptations for Food Storage: Fleshy Roots

ESSAY: Getting to the Root of Organ Development

25 The Shoot: Primary Structure and Development

Origin and Growth of the Primary Tissues of the Stem

Primary Structure of the Stem

Relation between the Vascular Tissues of the Stem and Leaf

Morphology and Structure of the Leaf

ESSAY: Leaf Dimorphism in Aquatic Plants

Grass Leaves

Development of the Leaf

ESSAY: Strong, Versatile, Sustainable Bamboo

Leaf Abscission

Transition between the Vascular Systems of the Root and Shoot

Development of the Flower

Stem and Leaf Modifications

26 Secondary Growth in Stems

Annuals, Biennials, and Perennials

The Vascular Cambium

Effect of Secondary Growth on the Primary Body of the Stem

Wood: Secondary Xylem

ESSAY: The Truth about Knots

SECTION 6 PHYSIOLOGY OF SEED PLANTS

27 Regulating Growth and Development: The Plant Hormones

Auxins

Cytokinins

Ethylene

Abscisic Acid

Gibberellins

Brassinosteroids

The Molecular Basis of Hormone Action

28 External Factors and Plant Growth

The Tropisms

Circadian Rhythms

Photoperiodism

The Floral Stimulus

Vernalization: Cold and the Flowering Response

Dormancy

ESSAY: Doomsday Seed Vault: Securing Crop Diversity

Nastic Movements and Solar Tracking

29 Plant Nutrition and Soils

Essential Elements

Functions of Essential Elements

The Soil

Nutrient Cycles

Nitrogen and the Nitrogen Cycle

ESSAY: Carnivorous Plants

Phosphorus and the Phosphorus Cycle

Human Impact on Nutrient Cycles and Effects of Pollution

Soils and Agriculture

ESSAY: Halophytes: A Future Resource?

ESSAY: Compost

Plant Nutrition Research

ESSAY: The Water Cycle

30 The Movement of Water and Solutes in Plants

Movement of Water and Inorganic Nutrients through the Plant Body

ESSAY: Green Roofs: A Cool Alternative

Absorption of Water and Ions by Roots

Assimilate Transport: Movement of Substances through the Phloem

Appendix: Classification of Organisms

Suggestions for Further Reading

Glossary

Illustration Credits

Index