Test Bank for Research Methods Design and Analysis 12th Edition by Larry Christensen,Johnson – Ebook PDF Instant Download/Delivery:9780205961252,0205961258
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ISBN 10:0205961258
ISBN 13:9780205961252
Author:Larry Christensen,Johnson
Encourages mastery of the basic principles of psychological research
Research Methods, Design, and Analysis, 12/e, provides an understanding of the research methods used to investigate human thought and behavior. The coverage of experimental, qualitative, correlational, and survey research helps students develop their research skills for all aspects of psychology. Information is presented in a simple and straightforward manner and placed into context of actual research studies, helping students make real-life connections.
MySearchLab is a part of the Christensen / Johnson / Turner program. Research and writing tools, including access to academic journals, help students explore Psychological Research in even greater depth. To provide students with flexibility, students can download the eText to a tablet using the free Pearson eText app.
This title is available in a variety of formats and prices – digital and print. Pearson offers its titles on the devices students love through Pearson’s MyLab products, CourseSmart, Amazon, and more.
Research Methods Design and Analysis 12th Table of contents:
Part I Introduction
Chapter 1 Understanding Scientific Research
Introduction
Methods of Acquiring Knowledge
Intuition
Authority
Rationalism
Empiricism
Science
Induction and Deduction
Hypothesis Testing
Naturalism
Kuhn and Paradigms
Feyerabend’s Anarchistic Theory
What Exactly Is Science?
Basic Assumptions Underlying Scientific Research
Uniformity or Regularity in Nature
Reality in Nature
Discoverability
Characteristics of Scientific Research
Control
Operationalism
Replication
The Role of Theory in Scientific Research
The Role of the Scientist in Psychological Research
Curiosity
Patience
Objectivity
Change
Objectives of Psychological Research
Description
Explanation
Prediction
Control or Influence
Pseudoscience
Summary
Key Terms and Concepts
Related Internet Sites
Practice Test
Challenge Exercises
Chapter 2 Research Approaches and Data Collection Methods
Introduction
Variables in Quantitative Research
Experimental Research
Causation
Cause
Effect
Required Conditions for Making the Claim of Causation
The Psychological Experiment
1. Objective Observation
2. Of Phenomena That Are Made
3. In a Strictly Controlled Situation in Which One or More
Example of an Experiment and Its Logic
Advantages of the Experimental Approach
1. Causal Inference
2. Ability to Manipulate Variables
3. Control
Disadvantages of the Experimental Approach
1. Does Not Test Effects of Nonmanipulated Variables
2. Artificiality
3. Inadequate Method of Scientific Inquiry
Experimental Research Settings
Field Experiments
Laboratory Experiments
Internet Experiments
Nonexperimental Quantitative Research
Correlational Study
Natural Manipulation Research
Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Studies
Qualitative Research
Major Methods of Data Collection
Tests
Questionnaires
Interviews
Focus Groups
Observation
Existing or Secondary Data
Summary
Key Terms and Concepts
Related Internet Sites
Practice Test
Challenge Exercises
Part II Planning the Research Study
Chapter 3 From Research Ideas to Hypothesis Formulation
Introduction
Sources of Research Ideas
Everyday Life
Practical Issues
Past Research
Theory
Bias in Research Ideas
Ideas Not Capable of Scientific Investigation
Review of the Literature
Getting Started
Defining Objectives
Doing the Search
Books
Psychological Journals
Computerized or Electronic Databases
Internet Resources
Obtaining Resources
Additional Information Sources
Feasibility of the Study
Formulating the Research Problem
Defining the Research Problem
Specificity of the Research Question
Formulating Hypotheses
Summary
Key Terms and Concepts
Related Internet Sites
Practice Test
Challenge Exercises
Chapter 4 Ethics in Scientific Research
Introduction
Research Ethics: What Are They?
Relationship Between Society and Science
Professional Issues
Treatment of Research Participants
Ethical Dilemmas
Ethical Guidelines
Beneficence and Nonmaleficence
Fidelity and Responsibility
Integrity
Justice
Respect for People’s Rights and Dignity
APA Ethical Standards for Research
Ethical Issues to Consider When Conducting Research
Institutional Approval
Informed Consent
Dispensing With Informed Consent
Informed Consent and Minors
Passive Versus Active Consent
Deception
Debriefing
Coercion and Freedom to Decline Participation
Confidentiality, Anonymity, and the Concept of Privacy
Ethical Issues in Electronic Research
Informed Consent and Internet Research
Privacy and Internet Research
Debriefing and Internet Research
Ethical Issues in Preparing the Research Report
Authorship
Writing the Research Report
Ethics of Animal (Nonhuman) Research
Safeguards in the Use of Animals
Animal Research Guidelines
I. Justification of the Research
II. Personnel
III. Care and Housing of Animals
IV. Acquisition of Animals
V. Experimental Procedures
VI. Field Research
VII. Educational Use of Animals
Summary
Key Terms and Concepts
Related Internet Sites
Practice Test
Challenge Exercises
Part II Foundations of Research
Chapter 5 Measurement Techniques and Sampling Methods
Introduction
Defining Measurement
Scales of Measurement
Nominal Scale
Ordinal Scale
Interval Scale
Ratio Scale
Psychometric Properties of Good Measurement
Overview of Reliability and Validity
Reliability
Test–Retest Reliability
Equivalent-Forms Reliability
Internal Consistency Reliability
Interrater Reliability
Validity
Validity Evidence Based on Content
Validity Evidence Based on Internal
Validity Evidence Based on Relations to Other Variables
Using Reliability and Validity Information
Sources of Information About Tests
Sampling Methods
Terminology Used in Sampling
Random Sampling Techniques
Simple Random Sampling
Stratified Random Sampling
Cluster Random Sampling
Systematic Sampling
Nonrandom Sampling Techniques
Random Selection and Random Assignment
Determining the Sample Size When Random Sampling Is Used
Sampling in Qualitative Research
Summary
Key Terms and Concepts
Related Internet Sites
Practice Test
Challenge Exercises
Chapter 6 Ensuring Research Validity
Introduction
Overview of Four Major Types of Validity
Statistical Conclusion Validity
Construct Validity
Threats to Construct Validity
Participant Reactivity to the Experimental Situation
Experimenter Effects
Internal Validity
Threats to Internal Validity
History
Maturation
Instrumentation
Testing
Regression Artifact
Attrition
Selection
Additive and Interactive Effects
External Validity
Population Validity
Ecological Validity
Temporal Validity
Treatment Variation Validity
Outcome Validity
Relationship between Internal and External Validity
Summary
Key Terms and Concepts
Related Internet Sites
Practice Test
Challenge Exercises
Part IV Experimental Methods
Chapter 7 Control Techniques in Experimental Research
Introduction
Control Techniques Carried Out at the Beginning
Matching
Matching by Holding Variables Constant
Matching by Building the Extraneous
Matching by Yoked Control
Matching by Equating Participants
Control Techniques Carried Out During
Counterbalancing
Randomized Counterbalancing
Intrasubject Counterbalancing
Complete Counterbalancing
Incomplete Counterbalancing
Control of Participant Effects
Double-Blind Placebo Method
Deception
Control of Participant Interpretation
Control of Experimenter Effects
Control of Recording Errors
Control of Experimenter Attribute Errors
Control of Experimenter Expectancy Error
The Blind Technique
The Partial Blind Technique
Automation
Likelihood of Achieving Control
Summary
Key Terms and Concepts
Related Internet Sites
Practice Test
Challenge Exercises
Chapter 8 Creating the Appropriate Research Design
Introduction
Weak Experimental Research Designs
One-Group Posttest-Only Design
One-Group Pretest–Posttest Design
Posttest-Only Design with Nonequivalent Groups
Strong Experimental Research Designs
Between-Participants Designs
Posttest-Only Control-Group Design
Strengths and Weaknesses of the Posttest-Only Control-Group Design
Within-Participants Designs
Strengths and Weaknesses of Within-Participants Designs
Mixed Designs (i.e., Combination of Between and Within)
Pretest–Posttest Control-Group Design
Advantages and Disadvantages of Including a Pretest
Factorial Designs
Factorial Designs Based on within-subjects independent variables
Factorial Designs Based on a Mixed Model
Strengths and Weaknesses of Factorial Designs
How To Choose or Construct the Appropriate Experimental Design
Summary
Key Terms and Concepts
Related Internet Sites
Practice Test
Challenge Exercises
Chapter 9 Procedure for Conducting an Experiment
Introduction
Institutional Approval
Research Participants
Obtaining Animals (Rats)
Obtaining Human Participants
Sample Size
Power
Apparatus and/or Instruments
Procedure
Scheduling of Research Participants
Consent to Participate
Instructions
Data Collection
Debriefing, or Postexperimental Interview
Debriefing Functions
How to Debrief
Pilot Study
Summary
Key Terms and Concepts
Related Internet Site
Practice Test
Challenge Exercise
Chapter 10 Creating a Quasi-Experimental Design
Introduction
Nonequivalent Comparison Group Design
Outcomes with Rival Hypotheses
Outcome I: Increasing Control and Experimental Groups
Outcome II:Experimental-Group-Higher-than-Control-Group-at-Pretest Effect
Outcome III: Experimental-Group-Lower-than-Control-Group-at-Pretest Effect
Outcome IV: Crossover Effect
Ruling out Threats to the Nonequivalent Comparison Group Design
Causal Inference from the Nonequivalent Comparison Group Design
Time-Series Design
Interrupted Time-Series Design
Regression Discontinuity Design
Summary
Key Terms and Concepts
Related Internet Sites
Practice Test
Challenge Exercises
Chapter 11 Creating a Single-Case Design
Introduction
History of Single-Case Designs
Single-Case Designs
ABA and ABAB Designs
Interaction Design
Multiple-Baseline Design
Changing-Criterion Design
Methodological Considerations in Using Single-Case Designs
Baseline
Changing One Variable at a Time
Length of Phases
Criteria for Evaluating Change
Experimental Criterion
Therapeutic Criterion
Rival Hypotheses
Summary
Key Terms and Concepts
Related Internet Sites
Practice Test
Challenge Exercises
Part V Survey, Qualitative, and Mixed Methods Research
Chapter 12 The Survey as Non-Experimental Research
Introduction
When Should One Conduct Survey Research?
Steps in Survey Research
Cross-sectional and Longitudinal Designs
Selecting a Survey Data Collection Method
Constructing and Refining a Survey Instrument
Principle 1. Write Items to Match the Research Objectives
Principle 2. Write Items That Are Appropriate for the Respondents to be Surveyed
Principle 3. Write Short, Simple Questions
Principle 4. Avoid Loaded or Leading Questions
Principle 5. Avoid Double-Barreled Questions
Principle 6. Avoid Double Negatives
Principle 7. Determine whether Closed-Ended and/or Open-Ended Questions Are Needed
Principle 8. Construct Mutually Exclusive and Exhaustive Response Categories for Closed-Ended Questi
Principle 9. Consider the Different Types of Closed-Ended Response Categories Rating Scales
Binary Forced Choice
Rankings
Checklists
Principle 10. Use Multiple Items to Measure Complex or Abstract Constructs
Semantic Differential
Likert Scaling
Principle 11. Make Sure the Questionnaire Is Easy to Use From the Beginning to the End
Ordering of Questions
Contingency Questions
Questionnaire Length
Response Bias
Principle 12. Pilot Test the Questionnaire Until It Is Perfected
Selecting Your Survey Sample From the Population
Preparing and Analyzing Your Survey Data
Summary
Key Terms and Concepts
Related Internet Sites
Practice Test
Challenge Exercises
Chapter 13 Qualitative and Mixed Methods Research
Introduction
Major Characteristics of Qualitative Research
Research Validity in Qualitative Research
Descriptive Validity
Interpretive Validity
Theoretical Validity
Internal Validity
External Validity
Four Major Qualitative Research Methods
Phenomenology
Phenomenological Data Collection and Data Analysis
Phenomenological Report Writing
Ethnography
Ethnographic Data Collection Methods
Entry, Group Acceptance, and Fieldwork
Data Analysis and Report Writing
Case Study Research
Data Collection in Case Study Research
Case Study Designs
Case Study Data Analysis and Report Writing
Grounded Theory
Data Collection in Grounded Theory Research
Grounded Theory Data Analysis and Report Writing
Mixed Methods Research
Research Validity In Mixed Methods Research
Mixed Methods Designs
Summary
Key Terms and Concepts
Related Internet Sites
Practice Test
Challenge Exercises
Part V I Analyzing and Interpreting Data
Chapter 14 Summarizing Research Data-Descriptive Statistics
Introduction
Descriptive Statistics
Frequency Distributions
Graphic Representations of Data
Bar Graphs
Histograms
Line Graphs
Scatterplots
Measures of Central Tendency
Mode
Median
Mean
Measures of Variability
Range
Variance and Standard Deviation
Standard Deviation and the Normal Curve
Z-scores
Examining Relationships Among Variables
Unstandardized and Standardized Difference Between Group Means
Correlation Coefficient
Partial Correlation Coefficient
Regression Analysis
Contingency Tables
Summary
Key Terms and Concepts
Related Internet Sites
Practice Test
Challenge Exercises
Chapter 15 Using Inferential Statistics
Introduction
Sampling Distributions
Estimation
Hypothesis Testing
Directional Alternative Hypotheses
Review of the Logic of Hypothesis Testing
Hypothesis-Testing Errors
Hypothesis Testing in Practice
The t Test for Correlation Coefficients
One-Way Analysis of Variance
Post Hoc Tests in Analysis of Variance
Analysis of Covariance
Two-Way Analysis of Variance
One-Way Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance
The t Test for Regression Coefficients
Chi-Square Test for Contingency Tables
Other Significance Tests
Hypothesis Testing and Research Design
Summary
Key Terms and Concepts
Related Internet Sites
Practice Test
Challenge Exercises
Part V II Writing the Research Report
Chapter 16 Preparing and Publishing the Research Report
Introduction
The APA Format
Preparation of the Research Report
Writing Style
Language
Specificity
Labels
Participation
Specific Issues
Editorial Style
Italics
Abbreviations
Headings
Quotations
Numbers
Physical Measurements
Presentation of Statistical Results
Tables
Figures
Figure Legends and Caption
Figure Preparation
Reference Citations
Reference List
Preparation of the Manuscript for Submission
Ordering of Manuscript Pages
Submission of the Research Report for Publication
Acceptance of the Manuscript
Presenting Research Results at Professional Conferences
Oral Presentation
Poster Presentation
Summary
Key Terms and Concepts
Related Internet Sites
Practice Test
Challenge Exercises
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