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ISBN 10: 1133954774
ISBN 13: 9781133954774
Author: William Trochim, Ph.D.; James P. Donnelly; Kanika Arora
Research Methods: The Essential Knowledge Base
Research Methods The Essential Knowledge Base 2nd Table of contents:
Part 1: Foundations
Chapter 1: Foundations of Research Methods
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1.1. The Research Enterprise
- 1.1a. What Is Research?
- 1.1b. Translational Research
- 1.1c. Research Syntheses and Guidelines
- 1.1d. Evidence-Based Practice
- 1.1e. An Evolutionary Perspective on the Research Enterprise
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1.2. Conceptualizing Research
- 1.2a. Where Research Topics Come from
- 1.2b. The Literature Review
- 1.2c. Feasibility Issues
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1.3. The Language of Research
- 1.3a. Research Vocabulary
- 1.3b. Types of Studies
- 1.3c. Time in Research
- 1.3d. Types of Relationships
- 1.3e. Hypotheses
- 1.3f. Variables
- 1.3g. Types of Data
- 1.3h. The Unit of Analysis
- 1.3i. Deduction and Induction
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1.4. The Structure of Research
- 1.4a. Components of a Research Study
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1.5. The Validity of Research
- Summary
- Key Terms
- Suggested Websites
- Review Questions
Chapter 2: Ethics
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2.1. Foundations of Ethics in Research
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2.2. Historical Cases of Unethical Research
- 2.2a. Nazi Experimentation during WWII and the Nuremberg Code
- 2.2b. Stanley Milgram’s Obedience Studies
- 2.2c. The Thalidomide Tragedy
- 2.2d. The Tuskegee Syphilis Study
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2.3. Evolution of a Modern System of Research Ethics
- 2.3a. The Belmont Report
- 2.3b. Related Guidelines on Human Subject Participation
- 2.3c. Institutional Review Boards (IRBs)
- 2.3d. Ethics in Clinical Research: Patient Protection versus Access
- 2.3e. Ethics in Research with Animals
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2.4. Ethics in the Production and Publication of Scholarly Work
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2.4a. Honesty in Reporting
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2.4b. Conflict of Interest
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2.4c. Fairness in Publication Credit
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Summary
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Key Terms
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Suggested Websites
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Review Questions
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Chapter 3: Qualitative Approaches to Research
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3.1. Foundations of Qualitative Research
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3.2. The Context for Qualitative Research
- 3.2a. Generating New Theories or Hypotheses
- 3.2b. Developing Detailed Stories to Describe a Phenomenon
- 3.2c. Achieving Deeper Understanding of the Phenomenon
- 3.2d. Improving the Quality of Quantitative Measures
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3.3. Qualitative Traditions
- 3.3a. Ethnography
- 3.3b. Phenomenology
- 3.3c. Field Research
- 3.3d. Grounded Theory
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3.4. Qualitative Methods
- 3.4a. Participant Observation
- 3.4b. Direct Observation
- 3.4c. Unstructured Interviewing
- 3.4d. Case Studies
- 3.4e. Focus Groups
- 3.4f. Unobtrusive Methods in Qualitative Research
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3.5. Qualitative Data
- 3.5a. How Different are Quantitative and Qualitative Data?
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3.6. Assessing Qualitative Research
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3.6a. Credibility
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3.6b. Transferability
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3.6c. Dependability
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3.6d. Confirmability
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Summary
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Key Terms
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Suggested Websites
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Review Questions
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Part 2: Sampling
Chapter 4: Sampling
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4.1. Foundations of Sampling
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4.2. Sampling Terminology
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4.3. External Validity
- 4.3a. Two Major Approaches to External Validity in Sampling
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4.4. Sampling Methods
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4.5. Nonprobability Sampling
- 4.5a. Accidental, Haphazard, or Convenience Sampling
- 4.5b. Purposive Sampling
- 4.5c. Modal Instance Sampling
- 4.5d. Expert Sampling
- 4.5e. Quota Sampling
- 4.5f. Heterogeneity Sampling
- 4.5g. Snowball Sampling
- 4.5h. Summary of Nonprobability Methods
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4.6. Probability Sampling: Theory
- 4.6a. The Sampling Distribution
- 4.6b. Sampling Error
- 4.6c. The Normal Curve in Sampling
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4.7. Probability Sampling: Procedures
- 4.7a. Initial Definitions
- 4.7b. Simple Random Sampling
- 4.7c. Stratified Random Sampling
- 4.7d. Systematic Random Sampling
- 4.7e. Cluster (Area) Random Sampling
- 4.7f. Multistage Sampling
- 4.7g. How Big Should the Sample Be?
- 4.7h. Summary of Probabilistic Sampling
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4.8. Threats to External Validity
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4.9. Improving External Validity
- Summary
- Key Terms
- Suggested Websites
- Review Questions
Part 3: Measurement
Chapter 5: Introduction to Measurement
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5.1. Foundations of Measurement
- 5.1a. Levels of Measurement
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5.2. Quality of Measurement
- 5.2a. Reliability
- 5.2b. Theory of Reliability
- 5.2c. Types of Reliability
- 5.2d. Validity
- 5.2e. Construct Validity and Other Measurement Validity Labels
- 5.2f. Threats to Construct Validity
- 5.2g. The Social Threats to Construct Validity
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5.3. Integrating Reliability and Validity
- Summary
- Key Terms
- Suggested Websites
- Review Questions
Chapter 6: Scales, Tests, and Indexes
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6.1. Foundations of Scales, Tests, and Indexes
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6.2. Scales and Scaling
- 6.2a. General Issues in Scaling
- 6.2b. Purposes of Scaling
- 6.2c. Dimensionality
- 6.2d. Unidimensional or Multidimensional?
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6.3. Tests
- 6.3a. Validity, Reliability, and Test Construction
- 6.3b. Standardized Tests
- 6.3c. Test Fairness
- 6.3d. How to Find a Good Test
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6.4. Indexes
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6.4a. Some Common Indexes
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6.4b. Constructing an Index
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Summary
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Key Terms
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Suggested Websites
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Review Questions
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Chapter 7: Survey Research
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7.1. Foundations of Survey Research
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7.2. Types of Survey Research
- 7.2a. Questionnaires
- 7.2b. Interviews
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7.3. Selecting the Survey Method
- 7.3a. Population Issues
- 7.3b. Sampling Issues
- 7.3c. Question Issues
- 7.3d. Content Issues
- 7.3e. Bias Issues
- 7.3f. Administrative Issues
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7.4. Survey Design
- 7.4a. Types of Questions
- 7.4b. Question Content
- 7.4c. Response Format
- 7.4d. Question Wording
- 7.4e. Question Placement
- 7.4f. The Golden Rule
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7.5. Interviews
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7.5a. The Role of the Interviewer
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7.5b. Training the Interviewers
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7.5c. The Interviewer’s Kit
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7.5d. Conducting the Interview
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7.5e. Obtaining Adequate Responses—The Probe
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7.5f. Recording the Response
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7.5g. Concluding the Interview
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Summary
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Key Terms
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Suggested Websites
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Review Questions
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Part 4: Design
Chapter 8: Introduction to Design
- 8.1. Foundations of Design
- 8.2. Research Design and Causality
- 8.2a. Establishing Cause and Effect in Research Design
- 8.2b. Internal Validity
- 8.3. Developing a Research Design
- 8.4. Types of Designs
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8.4a. Expanding on Basic Designs
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Summary
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Key Terms
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Suggested Websites
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Review Questions
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Chapter 9: Experimental Design
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9.1. Foundations of Experimental Design
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9.2. Introduction: The Origins of Experimental Design
- 9.2a. Distinguishing Features of Experimental Design
- 9.2b. Experimental Design and Threats to Internal Validity
- 9.2c. Design Notation for a Two-Group Experimental Design
- 9.2d. Difference between Random Selection and Assignment
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9.3. Classifying Experimental Designs
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9.4. Signal Enhancing Designs: Factorial Designs
- 9.4a. The Basic 2 × 2 Factorial Design
- 9.4b. Benefits and Limitations of Factorial Designs
- 9.4c. Factorial Design Variations
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9.5. Noise-Reducing Designs: Randomized Block Designs
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9.6. Noise-Reducing Designs: Covariance Designs
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9.7. Hybrid Designs: Switching-Replications Experimental Designs
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9.8. Limitations of Experimental Design
- Summary
- Key Terms
- Suggested Websites
- Review Questions
Chapter 10: Quasi-Experimental Design
- 10.1. Foundations of Quasi-Experimental Design
- 10.2. The Nonequivalent-Groups Design
- 10.2a. Reaching Cause-and-Effect Conclusions with the NEGD
- 10.3. The Regression-Discontinuity Design
- 10.3a. The Basic RD Design
- 10.3b. The Role of the Comparison Group in RD Designs
- 10.3c. The Internal Validity of the RD Design
- 10.3d. Statistical Power and the RD Design
- 10.3e. Ethics and the RD Design
- 10.4. Other Quasi-Experimental Designs
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10.4a. The Proxy Pretest Design
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10.4b. The Separate Pre-Post Samples Design
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10.4c. The Double-Pretest Design
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10.4d. The Switching-Replications Design
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10.4e. The Nonequivalent Dependent Variables (NEDV) Design
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10.4f. The Regression Point Displacement (RPD) Design
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Summary
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Key Terms
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Suggested Websites
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Review Questions
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Part 5: Analysis and Reporting
Chapter 11: Introduction to Data Analysis
- 11.1. Foundations of Data Analysis
- 11.2. Conclusion Validity
- 11.2a. Threats to Conclusion Validity
- 11.2b. Improving Conclusion Validity
- 11.3. Data Preparation
- 11.3a. Logging the Data
- 11.3b. Checking the Data for Accuracy
- 11.3c. Developing a Database Structure
- 11.3d. Entering the Data into the Computer
- 11.3e. Data Transformations
- 11.4. Descriptive Statistics
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11.4a. The Distribution
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11.4b. Central Tendency
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11.4c. Dispersion or Variability
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11.4d. Correlation
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Summary
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Key Terms
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Suggested Websites
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Review Questions
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Chapter 12: Inferential Analysis
- 12.1. Foundations of Analysis for Research Design
- 12.2. Inferential Statistics
- 12.3. General Linear Model
- 12.3a. The Two-Variable Linear Model
- 12.3b. The “General” in the General Linear Model
- 12.3c. Dummy Variables
- 12.3d. The t-Test
- 12.4. Experimental Analysis
- 12.4a. The Two-Group Posttest-Only Randomized Experiment
- 12.4b. Factorial Design Analysis
- 12.4c. Randomized Block Analysis
- 12.4d. Analysis of Covariance
- 12.5. Quasi-Experimental Analysis
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12.5a. Nonequivalent Groups Analysis
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12.5b. Regression-Discontinuity Analysis
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12.5c. Regression Point Displacement Analysis
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Summary
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Key Terms
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Suggested Websites
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Review Questions
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Chapter 13: Research Communication
- 13.1. Research Communication
- 13.1a. Research Communication and the Research-Practice Continuum
- 13.1b. General Considerations for Research Communication
- 13.2. The Written Report
- 13.2a. Key Elements and Formatting of a Research Paper
- 13.3. Other Forms of Research Communication
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13.3a. Presentations
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13.3b. Posters
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Summary
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Key Terms
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Suggested Websites
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Review Questions
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