Test Bank for Sexuality Now Embracing Diversity 5th Edition by Janell Carroll 9781305253377 130525337X

Sexuality Today

Only Human: What Is Sexuality?

Sex Sells: The Impact of the Media

The Early Evolution of Human Sexuality

Stand Up and Look Around: Walking Erect

Sexuality in the Ancient Mediterranean

Sexuality in Ancient Asia

Sexuality from St. Paul to Martin Luther

Early Christianity: Chastity Becomes a Virtue (Beginning About 50 a.d.)

The Middle Ages: Eve the Temptress and Mary the Virgin (500–1400)

Islam: A New Religion (About 500 a.d.)

The Renaissance: The Pursuit of Knowledge (Beginning About 1300)

The Reformation: The Protestant Marital Partnership (Beginning About 1500)

The Enlightenment and the Victorian Era

The Enlightenment (Beginning About 1700)

The Victorian Era (Early 1800s)

Sex in American History

The Colonies: The Puritan Ethic (Beginning About 1600)

The United States: Freedom—and Slavery—in the New World

The 19th Century: Polygamy, Celibacy, and the Comstock Laws (Beginning in the 1800s)

The 20th Century: Sexual Crusaders and Sexologists (Beginning in the 1900s)

Summary Points

Critical Thinking Questions

Websites

2. Understanding Human Sexuality: Theory and Research

Theories About Sexuality

Psychoanalytic Theory

Behavioral Theory

Learning Theory

Cognitive Theory

Humanistic Theory

Biological Theory

Evolutionary Theory

Sociological Theory

Feminist Theory

Queer Theory

Sexuality Research: Philosophers, Physicians, and Sexologists

Early Sexuality Research

Recent Studies on Sexuality

Politics and Sexuality Research

Sexuality Researchers

Early Promoters of Sexology

Sexuality Research Moves to the United States

Large-Scale Sexuality Research

Privately Funded Large-Scale Sexuality Studies

Government-Funded Large-Scale Studies

Sexuality Research Methods and Considerations

Case Studies

Interviews

Questionnaires and Surveys

Direct Observation

Participant Observation

Experimental Methods

Correlational Methods

Internet-Based Research Methods

Problems and Issues in Sexuality Research

Ethical Issues

Volunteer Bias

Sampling Problems

Reliability

Sexuality Research Across Cultures

Sexuality Research in the Future: Beyond Problem-Driven Research

Summary Points

Critical Thinking Questions

Websites

3. Communication and Sexuality

The Importance of Communication

Learning to Communicate

Goals of Communication

Families and Communication

Types of Communication

Nonverbal Communication

Computer-Mediated Communication

Communication Differences and Similarities

Communication and Gender

Communication and Culture

Communication and Sexual Orientation

Sexual Communication

Important Components in Sexual Communication

Obstacles to Sexual Communication

Listening, Expressing Criticism, and Nonconstructive Communication

The Importance of Listening

Being a More Effective Listener

Message Interpretation

Negative Feelings and Criticism

Nonconstructive Communication

Fighting

Summary Points

Critical Thinking Questions

Websites

4. Gender Development, Gender Roles, and Gender Identity

Prenatal Development: X and Y Make the Difference

Sexual Differentiation in the Womb

Disorders of Sex Development

Chromosomal Conditions

Hormonal Conditions

Gender Roles and Gender Traits

Masculinity and Femininity

Are Gender Roles Innate?

Gender Role Theory

Evolutionary Theory: Adapting to Our Environment

Social Learning Theory: Learning from Our Environment

Cognitive Development Theory: Age-Stage Learning

Gender Schema Theory: Our Cultural Maps

Varieties of Gender

Masculinity: The Hunter

Femininity: The Nurturer

Androgyny: Feminine and Masculine

The Gender Spectrum

Transsexualism and Sex Reassignment Surgery

Gender Diversity in Other Cultures

Gender Role Socialization Throughout the Life Span

Childhood: Learning by Playing

Adolescence: Practice Being Female or Male

Adulthood: Careers and Families

The Senior Years

Toward Gender Equality

Summary Points

Critical Thinking Questions

5. Female Sexual Anatomy and Physiology

The Female Sexual and Reproductive System

External Sex Organs

Internal Sex Organs

The Breasts

The Female Maturation Cycle

Female Puberty

Menstruation

Menopause

Female Reproductive and Sexual Health

Gynecological Health Concerns

Cancer of the Female Reproductive Organs

Summary Points

Critical Thinking Questions

Websites

6. Male Sexual Anatomy and Physiology

Male Sexual and Reproductive System

External Sex Organs

Internal Sex Organs

Other Sex Organs

Male Maturation Cycle

Male Puberty

Andropause

Male Reproductive and Sexual Health

Disorders of the Male Reproductive Organs

Inguinal Hernia

Hydrocele

Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Abuse

Cancers of the Male Reproductive Organs

Summary Points

Critical Thinking Questions

Websites

7. Love and Intimacy

What Is Love?

Love in Other Times and Places

Forms and Measures of Love

Romantic Versus Companionate Love

The Colors of Love: John Alan Lee

Triangles: Robert Sternberg

Can We Measure Love?

Origins of Love

Behavioral Reinforcement Theories

Cognitive Theories

Evolutionary Theory

Physiological Arousal Theory

Other Biological Factors

Love from Childhood to Maturity

Childhood

Adolescence

Adult Love and Intimacy

Attraction

Attraction in Different Cultures

Intimate Relationships

Long-Term Love and Commitment

Loss of Love

Love, Sex, and How We Build Intimate Relationships

Love and Sex

Developing Intimacy Skills

The Dark Side of Love

Summary Points

Critical Thinking Questions

Websites

8. Childhood and Adolescent Sexuality

Studying Childhood and Adolescent Sexuality

Beginnings: Birth to Age 2

Physical Development: Fully Equipped at Birth

Psychosexual Development: Bonding and Gender

Sexual Behavior: Curiosity

Early Childhood: Ages 2 to 5

Physical Development: Mastering Coordination

Psychosexual Development: What It Means to Be a Girl or a Boy

Sexual Behavior: Curiosity and Responsibility

Sexual Knowledge and Attitudes

Middle Childhood to Preteen: Ages 6 to 12

Physical Development: Puberty

Psychosexual Development: Becoming More Private

Sexual Behavior: Learning About the Birds and Bees

Sexuality and Relationships: What We Learn

Adolescence: Ages 12 to 18

Physical Development: Big Changes

Psychosexual Development: Emotional Self-Awareness

Sexual Behavior: Abstinence and Experimentation

Influences: Peers, Family, and Religion

Contraception, Pregnancy, and Abortion: Complex Issues

Sexually Transmitted Infections: Education and Prevention

What Children Need to Know: Sexuality Education

Why Sexuality Education Is Important

History of Sexuality Education in the United States

Sexuality Education Today

Effects and Results of Sexuality Education Programs

Summary Points

Critical Thinking Questions

Websites

9. Adult Sexual Relationships

Dating

Interracial and Intercultural Dating

Sexuality in Dating Relationships

Breaking Up

Cohabitation

Statistics and Current Trends

Advantages and Disadvantages of Cohabitation

Marriage

Statistics and Current Trends

Mixed Marriages

Marriages in Later Life

Marital Satisfaction

Sexuality Within Marriage

Sexuality Outside of Marriage

Same-Sex Relationships

Differences and Similarities in Same-Sex and Heterosexual Relationships

Sexuality in Same-Sex Relationships

Civil Unions and Domestic Partnerships

Same-Sex Marriage

Having Children or Remaining Childless

Statistics and Current Trends

Parenting and Relationship Satisfaction

Divorce

Statistics and Current Trends

Reasons for Divorce

Same-Sex Divorce

Adjusting to Divorce

Adult Sexual Relationships in Other Cultures

Dating and Marriages in Other Cultures

Cohabitation in Other Cultures

Marital Customs and Practices in Other Cultures

Extramarital Sex in Other Cultures

Divorce in Other Cultures

Same-Sex Relationships in Other Cultures

Summary Points

Critical Thinking Questions

Websites

10. Sexual Expression

Influences on Sexuality

Hormones and Neurotransmitters

Family Background

Ethnicity

Religion

Studying Sexual Response

Masters and Johnson’s Sexual Response Cycle

Helene Singer Kaplan’s Triphasic Model

David Reed’s Erotic Stimulus Pathway

The Kinsey Institute’s Dual Control Model of Sexual Response

Future Directions in Sexual Response Models

Solitary Sexual Behavior

Sexual Fantasy

Masturbation

Partnered Sexual Behavior

Foreplay

Manual Sex

Oral Sex

Vaginal Intercourse

Anal Intercourse

Same-Sex Sexual Behaviors

Sexual Behavior Later in Life

Physical Changes

Changes in Sexual Behavior

Safer Sex Behaviors

Summary Points

Critical Thinking Questions

Websites

11. Sexual Orientation

What Determines Sexual Orientation?

Models of Sexual Orientation: Who Is Homosexual?

Measuring Sexual Orientation: How Prevalent?

Why Are There Different Sexual Orientations?

Biological Theories

Developmental Theories

Behaviorist Theories

Sociological Theories

Interactional Theory

Homosexuality in Other Times and Places

Homosexuality in History

Same-Sex Behavior in Other Cultures

Lesbians, Gays, and Bisexuals Throughout the Life Cycle

Growing Up Lesbian, Gay, or Bisexual

Coming Out to Self and Others

Effects of Stigma

Life Issues: Partnering, Sexuality, Parenthood, and Aging

Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Seniors

Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Organizations

Homophobia and Heterosexism

What Is Homophobia?

Hate Crimes Against Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Individuals

Why Are People Homophobic?

How Can We Combat Homophobia and Heterosexism?

Differences Among Homosexual Groups

Lesbianism

Bisexuality

Minority Homosexuality

Same-Sex Sexual Behavior in Prison

Homosexuality in Religion and the Law

Homosexuality and Religion

Homosexuality and the Law

Summary Points

Critical Thinking Questions

Websites

12. Pregnancy and Birth

Fertility

Statistics and Current Trends

Conception

Early Signs of Pregnancy

Pregnancy Testing

Sex Selection: Myth and Modern Methods

Infertility

Assisted Reproductive Technologies

A Healthy Pregnancy

Prenatal Period

Health Care During Pregnancy

Exercise and Nutrition

Drugs and Alcohol

Pregnancy in Women Older Than 30

Sex During Pregnancy

Problems During Pregnancy

Ectopic Pregnancy

Spontaneous Abortion

Birth Defects

Rh Incompatibility

Toxemia

Childbirth

Preparing for Birth

Birthplace Choices

Inducing the Birth

Birthing Positions

Stages of Childbirth

Problems During Birthing

Preterm Birth

Breech Birth

Cesarean-Section Delivery

Stillbirth

Postpartum Parenthood

More Physical Changes for the Mother

Postpartum Psychological Changes

Sexuality for New Parents

Breast-Feeding the Baby

Summary Points

Critical Thinking Questions

Websites

13. Contraception and Abortion

Contraception: History and Method Considerations

Contraception in Ancient Times

Contraception in the United States: 1800s and Early 1900s

Contraception Outside the United States

Contraception in the United States Today

FDA Approval Process

Choosing a Method of Contraception

Barrier Methods

Male Condoms

Female Condoms

Cervical Barriers: Diaphragms and Cervical Caps

Contraceptive Sponge

Combined Hormone Methods for Women

Birth Control Pills

Hormonal Ring

Hormonal Patch

Progestin-Only Hormone Methods for Women

Progestin-Only Pills

Subdermal Implants

Hormonal Injectables

Chemical Methods for Women

How They Work

Effectiveness

Advantages

Disadvantages

Cross-Cultural Use

Intrauterine Methods for Women

How They Work

Effectiveness

Advantages

Disadvantages

Cross-Cultural Use

Natural Methods for Women and Men

Fertility Awareness–Based Methods

Withdrawal

Abstinence

Permanent Contraceptive Methods

Female Sterilization

Male Sterilization

Emergency Contraception

Contraception in the Future

What’s Ahead for Men?

What’s Ahead for Women?

Abortion

The Abortion Debate

Historical Perspectives

Legal Versus Illegal Abortions

Abortion Statistics

Abortion Procedures

Reactions to Abortion

Teens and Abortion

Cross-Cultural Aspects of Abortion

Summary Points

Critical Thinking Questions

Websites

14. Challenges to Sexual Functioning

Challenges to Sexual Functioning

Psychological Challenges to Sexual Functioning

Physiological Challenges to Sexual Functioning

Evaluating Challenges to Sexual Functioning

Sexual Disorders in Transgender Men and Women

Problems with Sexual Desire and Arousal

Problems with Sexual Desire in Women

Problems with Sexual Desire and Arousal in Men

Problems with Orgasm

Problems with Orgasm in Women

Problems with Orgasm in Men

Problems with Sexual Pain

Problems with Sexual Pain in Women

Illness, Disability, and Sexual Functioning

Cardiovascular Illnesses

Cancer

Diabetes

Multiple Sclerosis

Cerebral Palsy

Alcoholism

Spinal Cord Injuries

Mental Illness

Other Conditions

Getting Help

Summary Points

Critical Thinking Questions

Websites

15. Sexually Transmitted Infections and HIV/AIDS

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Attitudes About Sexually Transmitted Infections

High-Risk Groups and Sexually Transmitted Infections

Sexually Transmitted Infections and Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

Birth Control, Pregnancy, and Sexually Transmitted Infections

Ectoparasitic Infections: Pubic Lice and Scabies

Pubic Lice

Scabies

Bacterial Infections: Gonorrhea, Syphilis, Chlamydia, and More

Gonorrhea

Syphilis

Chlamydia

Chancroid

Vaginal Infections

Viral Infections: Herpes, Human Papillomavirus, and Hepatitis

Herpes

Human Papillomavirus

Viral Hepatitis

The Human Immunodeficiency Virus and the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

Incidence

Knowledge and Attitudes About AIDS

Symptoms

Diagnosis

Treatment

Prevention

Global Aspects of AIDS

Asia

Eastern Europe and Central Asia

North America and Western and Central Europe

Sub-Saharan Africa

The Caribbean

The Middle East and Northern Africa

Preventing Sexually Transmitted Infections and AIDS

Early Detection

Talking About Sexually Transmitted Infections

Summary Points

Critical Thinking Questions

Websites

16. Varieties of Sexual Expression

What Is “Typical” Sexual Expression?

Paraphilias

Theories About Paraphilias

Types of Paraphilic Disorders

Fetishistic Disorder

Transvestic Disorder

Sexual Sadism and Sexual Masochism Disorders

Exhibitionistic and Voyeuristic Disorders

Other Paraphilias and Sexual Variations

Assessing and Treating Paraphilic Disorders and Sexual Variations

Assessment

Treatment Options

Variations or Deviations

Summary Points

Critical Thinking Questions

Websites

17. Power and Coercion

Rape and Sexual Assault: Incidence and Theories

Defining Rape and Sexual Assault

Rape and Sexual Assault Statistics

Characteristics of Rapists

Theories About Rape

Rape Attitudes and Cultural Variations

Gender Differences in Attitudes About Rape

Ethnic Differences in Attitudes About Rape

Rape in Different Cultures

Rape and Sexual Assault on Campus

Rape and Sexual Assault Legislation on Campus

Alcohol, Rape, and Sexual Assault

Fraternities, Rape, and Sexual Assault

Athletes, Rape, and Sexual Assault

Effects of Rape and Sexual Assault

Rape Trauma Syndrome

Silent Rape Reaction

Rape of Partners and Other Special Populations

When Men Are Rape Victims

Rape of Men by Women

Rape of Men by Men

Prison Rape

Coping with Rape, Reporting Rape, and Treating Rapists

Coping with Rape

Reporting a Rape

Treating Rapists

Sexual Abuse of Children

Incidence of Child Sexual Abuse

Victims of Child Sexual Abuse

How Children Are Affected

Characteristics of Child Sexual Abusers

Treating Child Sexual Abuse

Preventing Child Sexual Abuse

Intimate Partner Violence

Defining Intimate Partner Violence

Reactions to Intimate Partner Violence

Preventing Intimate Partner Violence

Sexual Harassment

Incidence and Reporting of Sexual Harassment

Preventing Sexual Harassment

Summary Points

Critical Thinking Questions

Websites

18. Sexual Images and Selling Sex

Erotic Representations in History

Development of Pornography

Sexuality in the Media and the Arts

Erotic Literature

Television and Film

Advertising

Other Media: The Internet and Electronic Technologies

Pornography: Graphic Images and Obscenity

Defining Obscenity

The Pornography Debates

Studies on the Harmful Effects of Pornography

The Adult Entertainment Industry

Public Attitudes About Pornography

Sex Work: Trading Sex for Money

Sociological Aspects of Sex Work

Types of Sex Workers

Other Players in the Business

The Government’s Role in Sex Work

Sex Work and Sexually Transmitted Infections

Quitting Sex Work

Sex Work Around the World

Sex Trafficking: Modern-Day Slavery

Statistics

Victims

Looking Forward

Summary Points

Critical Thinking Questions

Websites