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ISBN 10: 1337094757
ISBN 13: 978-1337094757
Author: Richard Mann, Barry Roberts
Today’s most complete and credible business law text, SMITH & ROBERSON’S BUSINESS LAW, 17E by Richard A. Mann and Barry S. Roberts continues a tradition of accuracy and consistent coverage of the latest issues and emerging trends. This updated classic book details business law and prepares you for the certified public accountant (CPA) exam with coverage of business law, the legal duties and responsibilities of accountants, and the corporate governance portion of the business environment. Cases blend landmark and current decisions with edits to preserve the language of the court. More than 220 engaging figures, diagrams, and summaries emphasize the fundamental concepts, principles, and rules of law that apply to business transactions. You gain insights into the function and operation of courts and administrative agencies and learn to recognize potential legal problems in business. This comprehensive, up-to-date book ensures you acquire a solid understanding of modern business law.
Smith and Robersons Business Law 17th Table of contents:
Part 1. The Legal Environment of Business
Chapter 1. Introduction to Law
1-1. Nature of Law
1-1a. Definition of Law
1-1b. Functions of Law
1-1c. Legal Sanctions
1-1d. Law and Morals
1-1e. Law and Justice
1-2. Classification of Law
1-2a. Substantive and Procedural Law
1-2b. Public and Private Law
1-2c. Civil and Criminal Law
1-3. Sources of Law
1-3a. Constitutional Law
1-3b. Judicial Law
1-3c. Legislative Law
1-3d. Administrative Law
1-4. Legal Analysis
Chapter Summary
Cases
Chapter 2. Business Ethics and the Social Responsibility of Business
2-1. Law Versus Ethics
2-2. Ethical Theories
2-2a. Ethical Fundamentalism
2-2b. Ethical Relativism
2-2c. Utilitarianism
2-2d. Deontology
2-2e. Social Ethics Theories
2-2f. Other Theories
2-3. Ethical Standards in Business
2-3a. Choosing an Ethical System
2-3b. Corporations as Moral Agents
2-4. Ethical Responsibilities of Business
2-4a. Regulation of Business
2-5. Corporate Governance
2-5a. Arguments Against Social Responsibility
2-5b. Arguments in Favor of Social Responsibility
Chapter Summary
Cases
Questions
Business Ethics Cases
Chapter 3. Civil Dispute Resolution
The Court System
3-1. The Federal Courts
3-1a. District Courts
3-1b. Courts of Appeals
3-1c. The Supreme Court
3-1d. Special Courts
3-2. State Courts
3-2a. Inferior Trial Courts
3-2b. Trial Courts
3-2c. Special Courts
3-2d. Appellate Courts
Jurisdiction
3-3. Subject Matter Jurisdiction
3-3a. Federal Jurisdiction
3-3b. State Jurisdiction
3-3c. Stare Decisis In The Dual Court System
3-4. Jurisdiction Over the Parties
3-4a. In Personam Jurisdiction
3-4b. In Rem Jurisdiction
3-4c. Attachment Jurisdiction
3-4d. Venue
Civil Dispute Resolution
3-5. Civil Procedure
3-5a. The Pleadings
3-5b. Pretrial Procedure
3-5c. Trial
3-5d. Appeal
3-5e. Enforcement
3-6. Alternative Dispute Resolution
3-6a. Arbitration
3-6b. Conciliation
3-6c. Mediation
3-6d. Mini-Trial
3-6e. Summary Jury Trial
3-6f. Negotiation
Chapter Summary
Cases
Questions
Case Problems
Taking Sides
Chapter 4. Constitutional Law
4-1. Basic Principles of Constitutional Law
4-1a. Federalism
4-1b. Federal Supremacy and Preemption
4-1c. Judicial Review
4-1d. Separation of Powers
4-1e. State Action
4-2. Powers of Government
4-2a. Federal Commerce Power
4-2b. State Regulation of Commerce
4-2c. Federal Fiscal Powers
4-3. Limitations on Government
4-3a. Contract Clause
4-3b. First Amendment
4-3c. Due Process
4-3d. Equal Protection
Chapter Summary
Cases
Questions
Case Problems
Taking Sides
Chapter 5. Administrative Law
5-1. Operation of Administrative Agencies
5-1a. Rulemaking
5-1b. Enforcement
5-1c. Adjudication
5-2. Limits on Administrative Agencies
5-2a. Judicial Review
5-2b. Legislative Control
5-2c. Executive Branch Control
5-2d. Disclosure of Information
Chapter Summary
Cases
Case Problems
Taking Sides
Chapter 6. Criminal Law
6-1. Nature of Crimes
6-1a. Essential Elements
6-1b. Classification
6-1c. Vicarious Liability
6-1d. Liability of The Corporation
6-2. White-Collar Crime
6-2a. Computer Crime
6-2b. Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act
6-3. Crimes Against Business
6-3a. Larceny
6-3b. Embezzlement
6-3c. False Pretenses
6-3d. Robbery
6-3e. Burglary
6-3f. Extortion And Bribery
6-3g. Forgery
6-3h. Bad Checks
6-4. Defenses to Crimes
6-4a. Defense of Person or Property
6-4b. Duress
6-4c. Mistake of Fact
6-4d. Entrapment
6-5. Criminal Procedure
6-5a. Steps In Criminal Prosecution
6-5b. Fourth Amendment
6-5c. Fifth Amendment
6-5d. Sixth Amendment
Chapter Summary
Cases
Questions
Case Problems
Taking Sides
Chapter 7. Intentional Torts
7-1. Intent
7-2. Harm to the Person
7-2a. Battery
7-2b. Assault
7-2c. False Imprisonment
7-2d. Infliction of Emotional Distress
7-3. Harm to the Right of Dignity
7-3a. Defamation
7-3b. Invasion of Privacy
7-3c. Misuse of Legal Procedure
7-4. Harm to Property
7-4a. Real Property
7-4b. Personal Property
7-5. Harm to Economic Interests
7-5a. Interference with Contractual Relations
7-5b. Disparagement
7-5c. Fraudulent Misrepresentation
7-6. Defenses to Intentional Torts
7-6a. Consent
7-6b. Privilege
Chapter Summary
Cases
Questions
Case Problems
Taking Sides
Chapter 8. Negligence and Strict Liability
Negligence
8-1. Breach of Duty of Care
8-1a. Reasonable Person Standard
8-1b. Duty to Act
8-1c. Duties of Possessors of Land
8-1d. Res IPSA Loquitur
8-2. Factual Cause
8-3. Scope of Liability (Proximate Cause)
8-3a. Foreseeability
8-3b. Superseding Cause
8-4. Harm
8-5. Defenses to Negligence
8-5a. Contributory Negligence
8-5b. Comparative Negligence
8-5c. Assumption of Risk
Strict Liability
8-6. Activities Giving Rise to Strict Liability
8-6a. Abnormally Dangerous Activities
8-6b. Keeping of Animals
8-7. Defenses to Strict Liability
8-7a. Contributory Negligence
8-7b. Comparative Negligence
8-7c. Assumption of Risk
Chapter Summary
Cases
Questions
Case Problems
Taking Sides
Part 2. Contracts
Chapter 9. Introduction to Contracts
9-1. Development of the Law of Contracts
9-1a. Common Law
9-1b. The Uniform Commercial Code
9-1c. Types of Contracts Outside the Code
9-1d. International Contracts
9-2. Definition of a Contract
9-3. Requirements of a Contract
9-4. Classification of Contracts
9-4a. Express and Implied Contracts
9-4b. Bilateral and Unilateral Contracts
9-4c. Valid, Void, Voidable, and Unenforceable Contracts
9-4d. Executed and Executory Contracts
9-4e. Formal and Informal Contracts
9-5. Promissory Estoppel
9-6. Quasi Contracts or Restitution
Chapter Summary
Cases
Questions
Case Problems
Taking Sides
Chapter 10. Mutual Assent
Offer
10-1. Essentials of an Offer
10-1a. Communication
10-1b. Intent
10-1c. Definiteness
10-2. Duration of Offers
10-2a. Lapse of Time
10-2b. Revocation
10-2c. Option Contracts
10-2d. Rejection
10-2e. Counteroffer
10-2f. Death or Incompetency
10-2g. Destruction of Subject Matter
10-2h. Subsequent Illegality
Acceptance of Offer
10-3. Communication of Acceptance
10-3a. General Rule
10-3b. Silence as Acceptance
10-3c. Effective Moment
10-4. Variant Acceptances
10-4a. Common Law
10-4b. Code
Chapter Summary
Cases
Questions
Case Problems
Taking Sides
Chapter 11. Conduct Invalidating Assent
11-1. Duress
11-1a. Physical Compulsion
11-1b. Improper Threats
11-2. Undue Influence
11-3. Fraud
11-3a. Fraud in the Execution
11-3b. Fraud in the Inducement
11-4. Nonfraudulent Misrepresentation
11-5. Mistake
11-5a. Mutual Mistake
11-5b. Unilateral Mistake
11-5c. Assumption of Risk of Mistake
11-5d. Effect of Fault Upon Mistake
11-5e. Mistake in Meaning of Terms
Chapter Summary
Cases
Questions
Case Problems
Taking Sides
Chapter 12. Consideration
12-1. Legal Sufficiency
12-1a. Adequacy
12-1b. Unilateral Contracts
12-1c. Bilateral Contracts
12-1d. Illusory Promises
12-1e. Preexisting Public Obligation
12-1f. Preexisting Contractual Obligation
12-2. Bargained-For Exchange
12-2a. Past Consideration
12-2b. Third Parties
12-3. Contracts without Consideration
12-3a. Promises to Perform Prior Unenforceable Obligations
12-3b. Promissory Estoppel
12-3c. Promises Made Under Seal
12-3d. Promises Made Enforceable by Statute
Chapter Summary
Cases
Questions
Case Problems
Taking Sides
Chapter 13. Illegal Bargains
13-1. Violations of Statutes
13-1a. Licensing Statutes
13-1b. Gambling Statutes
13-1c. Usury Statutes
13-1d. Sunday Statutes
13-2. Violations of Public Policy
13-2a. Common Law Restraint of Trade
13-2b. Exculpatory Clauses
13-2c. Unconscionable Contracts
13-2d. Tortious Conduct
13-2e. Corrupting Public Officials
13-3. Effect of Illegality
13-3a. General Rule: Unenforceability
13-3b. Exceptions
13-3c. Restitution
Chapter Summary
Cases
Questions
Case Problems
Taking Sides
Chapter 14. Contractual Capacity
14-1. Minors
14-1a. Liability on Contracts
14-1b. Liability for Necessaries
14-1c. Liability for Misrepresentation of Age
14-1d. Liability for Tort Connected with Contract
14-2. Incompetent Persons
14-2a. Person Under Guardianship
14-2b. Mental Illness or Defect
14-3. Intoxicated Persons
Chapter Summary
Cases
Questions
Case Problems
Taking Sides
Chapter 15. Contracts in Writing
Statute of Frauds
15-1. Contracts within the Statute of Frauds
15-1a. Electronic Records
15-1b. Suretyship Provision
15-1c. Executor-Administrator Provision
15-1d. Marriage Provision
15-1e. Land Contract Provision
15-1f. One-Year Provision
15-1g. Sale of Goods
15-1h. Modification or Rescission of Contracts within the Statute of Frauds
15-2. Compliance with the Statute of Frauds
15-2a. General Contracts Provisions
15-2b. Sale of Goods
15-3. Effect of Noncompliance
15-3a. Full Performance
15-3b. Restitution
15-3c. Promissory Estoppel
Parol Evidence Rule
15-4. The Rule
15-5. Situations to Which the Rule Does Not Apply
15-6. Supplemental Evidence
Interpretation of Contracts
Chapter Summary
Cases
Questions
Case Problems
Taking Sides
Chapter 16. Third Parties to Contracts
16-1. Assignment of Rights
16-1a. Law Governing Assignments
16-1b. Requirements of an Assignment
16-1c. Rights that are Assignable
16-1d. Rights that are not Assignable
16-1e. Rights of the Assignee
16-1f. Implied Warranties of Assignor
16-1g. Express Warranties of Assignor
16-1h. Successive Assignments of the Same Right
16-2. Delegation of Duties
16-2a. Delegable Duties
16-2b. Duties of the Parties
16-3. Third-Party Beneficiary Contracts
16-3a. Intended Beneficiary
16-3b. Incidental Beneficiary
Chapter Summary
Cases
Questions
Case Problems
Taking Sides
Chapter 17. Performance, Breach, and Discharge
17-1. Conditions
17-1a. Express Condition
17-1b. Implied-in-Fact Conditions
17-1c. Implied-in-Law Conditions
17-1d. Concurrent Conditions
17-1e. Conditions Precedent
17-1f. Conditions Subsequent
17-2. Discharge by Performance
17-3. Discharge by Breach
17-3a. Material Breach
17-3b. Substantial Performance
17-3c. Anticipatory Repudiation
17-3d. Unauthorized Material Alteration of Written Contract
17-4. Discharge by Agreement of the Parties
17-4a. Mutual Rescission
17-4b. Substituted Contract
17-4c. Accord and Satisfaction
17-4d. Novation
17-5. Discharge by Operation of Law
17-5a. Impossibility
17-5b. Bankruptcy
17-5c. Statute of Limitations
Chapter Summary
Cases
Questions
Case Problems
Taking Sides
Chapter 18. Contract Remedies
18-1. Interests Protected by Contract Remedies
18-2. Monetary Damages
18-2a. Compensatory Damages
18-2b. Nominal Damages
18-2c. Reliance Damages
18-2d. Punitive Damages
18-2e. Liquidated Damages
18-2f. Limitations on Damages
18-3. Remedies in Equity
18-3a. Specific Performance
18-3b. Injunctions
18-4. Restitution
18-4a. Party Injured by Breach
18-4b. Party in Default
18-4c. Statute of Frauds
18-4d. Voidable Contracts
18-5. Limitations on Remedies
18-5a. Election of Remedies
18-5b. Loss of Power of Avoidance
18-6. Remedies for Misrepresentation
18-6a. Restitution
18-6b. Contract Law
18-6c. Tort Law
Chapter Summary
Cases
Questions
Case Problems
Taking Sides
Part 3. Agency
Chapter 19. Relationship of Principal and Agent
19-1. Nature of Agency
19-1a. Scope of Agency Purposes
19-1b. Other Legal Relationships
19-2. Creation of Agency
19-2a. Formalities
19-2b. Capacity
19-3. Duties of Agent to Principal
19-3a. Duty of Obedience
19-3b. Duty of Good Conduct
19-3c. Duty of Diligence
19-3d. Duty to Inform
19-3e. Duty to Account
19-3f. Fiduciary Duty
19-4. Duties of Principal to Agent
19-4a. Contractual Duties
19-4b. Tort and Other Duties
19-5. Termination of Agency
19-5a. Acts of the Parties
19-5b. Operation of Law
19-5c. Change in Circumstances
19-5d. Irrevocable Powers
Chapter Summary
Cases
Questions
Case Problems
Taking Sides
Chapter 20. Relationship with Third Parties
Relationship of Principal and Third Persons
20-1. Contract Liability of Principal
20-1a. Types of Authority
20-1b. Delegation of Authority
20-1c. Effect of Termination of Agency on Authority
20-1d. Ratification
20-1e. Fundamental Rules of Contractual Liability
20-2. Tort Liability of Principal
20-2a. Direct Liability of Principal
20-2b. Vicarious Liability of Principal for Unauthorized Acts of Agent
20-3. Criminal Liability of Principal
Relationship of Agent and Third Persons
20-4. Contract Liability of Agent
20-4a. Disclosed Principal
20-4b. Unidentified Principal
20-4c. Undisclosed Principal
20-4d. Nonexistent or Incompetent Principal
20-5. Tort of Liability of Agent
20-6. Rights of Agent Against Third Person
Chapter Summary
Cases
Questions
Case Problems
Taking Sides
Part 4. Sales
Chapter 21. Introduction to Sales and Leases
Nature of Sales and Leases
21-1. Definitions
21-1a. Goods
21-1b. Sale
21-1c. Lease
21-1d. Governing Law
21-2. Fundamental Principles of Article 2 and Article 2A
21-2a. Good Faith
21-2b. Unconscionability
21-2c. Expansion of Commercial Practices
21-2d. Sales By and Between Merchants
21-2e. Liberal Administration of Remedies
21-2f. Freedom of Contract
21-2g. Validation and Preservation of Sales Contracts
Formation of Sales and Lease Contracts
21-3. Manifestation of Mutual Assent
21-3a. Definiteness of an Offer
21-3b. Irrevocable Offers
21-3c. Variant Acceptances
21-3d. Manner of Acceptance
21-3e. Auctions
21-4. Consideration
21-5. Form of the Contract
21-5a. Statute of Frauds
21-5b. Parol Evidence
Chapter Summary
Cases
Questions
Case Problems
Taking Sides
Chapter 22. Performance
22-1. Performance by the Seller
22-1a. Time and Manner of Tender
22-1b. Place of Tender
22-1c. Perfect Tender Rule
22-2. Performance by the Buyer
22-2a. Inspection
22-2b. Rejection
22-2c. Acceptance
22-2d. Revocation of Acceptance
22-2e. Obligation of Payment
22-3. Obligations of Both Parties
22-3a. Casualty to Identified Goods
22-3b. Nonhappening of Presupposed Condition
22-3c. Substituted Performance
22-3d. Right to Adequate Assurance of Performance
22-3e. Right to Cooperation
22-3f. Anticipatory Repudiation
Chapter Summary
Cases
Questions.
Case Problems
Taking Sides
Chapter 23. Transfer of Title and Risk of Loss
23-1. Transfer of Title
23-1a. Identification
23-1b. Passage of Title
23-1c. Power to Transfer Title
23-2. Risk of Loss
23-2a. Risk of Loss in Cases of a Breach
23-2b. Risk of Loss in Absence of a Breach
23-2c. Goods in Possession of Bailee
23-2d. All Other Sales
23-3. Sales of Goods in Bulk
Chapter Summary
Cases
Questions
Case Problems
Taking Sides
Chapter 24. Products Liability: Warranties and Strict Liability in Tort
Warranties
24-1. Types of Warranties
24-1a. Warranty of Title
24-1b. Express Warranties
24-1c. Implied Warranties
24-2. Obstacles to Warranty Actions
24-2a. Disclaimer of Warranties
24-2b. Limitation or Modification of Warranties
24-2c. Privity of Contract
24-2d. Notice of Breach of Warranty
24-2e. Plaintiff’s Conduct
Strict Liability in Tort
24-3. Requirements of Strict Liability
24-3a. Merchant Sellers
24-3b. Defective Condition
24-3c. Unreasonably Dangerous
24-4. Obstacles to Recovery
24-4a. Disclaimers and Notice
24-4b. Privity
24-4c. Plaintiff’s Conduct
24-4d. Subsequent Alteration
24-4e. Statute of Repose
24-4f. Limitations on Damages
24-5. Restatement of Torts (Third): Products Liability
24-5a. Manufacturing Defect
24-5b. Design Defect
24-5c. Failure to Warn
Chapter Summary
Cases
Questions
Case Problems
Taking Sides
Chapter 25. Sales Remedies
25-1. Remedies of the Seller
25-1a. Withhold Delivery of the Goods
25-1b. Stop Delivery of the Goods
25-1c. Identify Goods to the Contract
25-1d. Resell the Goods and Recover Damages
25-1e. Recover Damages for Nonacceptance or Repudiation
25-1f. Recover the Price
25-1g. Recover Incidental Damages
25-1h. Cancel the Contract
25-1i. Reclaim the Goods Upon the Buyer’s Insolvency
25-2. Remedies of the Buyer
25-2a. Cancel the Contract
25-2b. Recover Payments Made
25-2c. Cover
25-2d. Recover Damages for Nondelivery or Repudiation
25-2e. Recover Identified Goods Upon the Seller’s Insolvency
25-2f. Sue for Replevin
25-2g. Sue for Specific Performance
25-2h. Enforce a Security Interest in the Goods
25-2i. Recover Damages for Breach in Regard to Accepted Goods
25-2j. Recover Incidental Damages
25-2k. Recover Consequential Damages
25-3. Contractual Provisions Affecting Remedies
25-3a. Liquidation or Limitation of Damages
25-3b. Modification or Limitation of Remedy by Agreement
25-3c. Statute of Limitations
Chapter Summary
Cases
Questions
Case Problems
Taking Sides
Part 5. Negotiable Instruments
Chapter 26. Form and Content
26-1. Negotiability
26-1a. Development of Law of Negotiable Instruments
26-1b. Assignment Compared with Negotiation
26-2. Types of Negotiable Instruments
26-2a. Drafts
26-2b. Checks
26-2c. Notes
26-2d. Certificates of Deposit
26-3. Formal Requirements of Negotiable Instruments
26-3a. Writing
26-3b. Signed
26-3c. Promise or Order to Pay
26-3d. Unconditional
26-3e. Fixed Amount
26-3f. Money
26-3g. No Other Undertaking or Instruction
26-3h. Payable on Demand or at a Definite Time
26-3i. Payable to Order or to Bearer
26-3j. Terms and Omissions and their Effect on Negotiability
Chapter Summary
Cases
Questions
Case Problems
Taking Sides
Chapter 27. Transfer and Holder in Due Course
Transfer
27-1. Negotiation
27-1a. Negotiation of Bearer Paper
27-1b. Negotiation of Order Paper
27-1c. Negotiations Subject to Rescission
27-2. Indorsements
27-2a. Blank Indorsements
27-2b. Special Indorsements
27-2c. Restrictive Indorsements
27-2d. Unqualified and Qualified Indorsements
27-2e. Formal Requirements of Indorsements
Holder in Due Course
27-3. Requirements of a Holder in Due Course
27-3a. Holder
27-3b. Value
27-3c. Good Faith
27-3d. Lack of Notice
27-3e. Without Reason to Question its Authenticity
27-4. Holder in Due Course Status
27-4a. A Payee May Be a Holder in Due Course
27-4b. The Shelter Rule
27-5. The Preferred Position of a Holder in Due Course
27-5a. Real Defenses
27-5b. Personal Defenses
27-6. Limitations Upon Holder in Due Course Rights
Chapter Summary
Cases
Questions
Case Problems
Taking Sides
Chapter 28. Liability of Parties
Contractual Liability
28-1. Signature
28-1a. Authorized Signatures
28-1b. Unauthorized Signatures
28-2. Liability of Primary Parties
28-2a. Makers
28-2b. Acceptors
28-3. Liability of Secondary Parties
28-3a. Drawers
28-3b. Indorsers
28-3c. Effect of Acceptance
28-3d. Disclaimer of Liability by Secondary Parties
28-3e. Conditions Precedent to Liability
28-3f. Liability for Conversion
28-4. Termination of Liability
28-4a. Payment
28-4b. Tender of Payment
28-4c. Cancellation and Renunciation
Liability Based on Warranty
28-5. Warranties on Transfer
28-5a. Entitlement to Enforce
28-5b. Authentic and Authorized Signatures
28-5c. No Alteration
28-5d. No Defenses
28-5e. No Knowledge of Insolvency
28-6. Warranties on Presentment
28-6a. Drawees of Unaccepted Drafts
28-6b. All Other Payors
Chapter Summary
Cases
Questions
Case Problems
Taking Sides
Chapter 29. Bank Deposits, Collections, and Funds Transfers
Bank Deposits and Collections
29-1. Collection of Items
29-1a. Collecting Banks
29-1b. Payor Banks
29-2. Relationship between Payor Bank and its Customer
29-2a. Payment of an Item
29-2b. Substitute Check
29-2c. Stop Payment Orders
29-2d. Bank’s Right to Subrogation on Improper Payment
29-2e. Disclosure Requirements
29-2f. Customer’s Death or Incompetence
29-2g. Customer’s Duties
Electronic Fund Transfer
29-3. Types of Electronic Funds Transfers
29-3a. Automated Teller Machines
29-3b. Point-of-Sale Systems
29-3c. Direct Deposits and Withdrawals
29-3d. Pay-by-Phone Systems
29-3e. Personal Computer (Online) Banking
29-3f. Wholesale Electronic Funds Transfers
29-4. Consumer Funds Transfers
29-4a. Disclosure
29-4b. Documentation and Periodic Statements
29-4c. Preauthorized Transfers
29-4d. Error Resolution
29-4e. Consumer Liability
29-4f. Liability of Financial Institution
29-5. Wholesale Funds Transfers
29-5a. Scope of Article 4A
29-5b. Acceptance
29-5c. Erroneous Execution of Payment Orders
29-5d. Unauthorized Payment Orders
Chapter Summary
Cases
Questions
Case Problems
Taking Sides
Part 6. Unincorporated Business Associations
Chapter 30. Formation and Internal Relations of General Partnerships
Choosing a Business Association
30-1. Factors Affecting the Choice
30-1a. Ease of Formation
30-1b. Taxation
30-1c. External Liability
30-1d. Management and Control
30-1e. Transferability
30-1f. Continuity
30-2. Forms of Business Associations
30-2a. Sole Proprietorship
30-2b. General Partnership
30-2c. Joint Venture
30-2d. Limited Partnership
30-2e. Limited Liability Company
30-2f. Limited Liability Partnership
30-2g. Limited Liability Limited Partnership
30-2h. Corporation
30-2i. Business Trusts
Formation of General Partnerships
30-3. Nature of Partnership
30-3a. Definition
30-3b. Entity Theory
30-4. Formation of a Partnership
30-4a. Partnership Agreement
30-4b. Tests of Partnership Existence
30-4c. Partnership Capital and Property
Relationships Among Partners
30-5. Duties Among Partners
30-5a. Fiduciary Duty
30-5b. Duty of Obedience
30-5c. Duty of Care
30-6. Rights Among Partners
30-6a. Rights in Specific Partnership Property
30-6b. Partner’s Transferable Interest in the Partnership
30-6c. Right to Share in Distributions
30-6d. Right to Participate in Management
30-6e. Right to Choose Associates
30-6f. Enforcement Rights
Chapter Summary
Cases
Questions
Case Problems
Taking Sides
Chapter 31. Operation and Dissolution of General Partnerships
Relationship of Partnership and Partners with Third Parties
31-1. Contracts of Partnership
31-1a. Authority to Bind Partnership
31-1b. Partnership by Estoppel
31-2. Torts and Crimes of Partnership
31-3. Notice to a Partner
31-4. Liability of Incoming Partner
Dissociation and Dissolution of General Partnerships Under the RUPA
31-5. Dissociation
31-5a. Wrongful Dissociations
31-5b. Rightful Dissociations
31-5c. Effects of Dissociation
31-6. Dissolution
31-6a. Causes of Dissolution
31-6b. Effects of Dissolution
31-6c. Winding Up
31-7. Dissociation Without Dissolution
31-7a. Dissociations Not Causing Dissolution
31-7b. Continuation After Dissociation
31-7c. Dissociated Partner’s Power to Bind the Partnership
31-7d. Dissociated Partner’s Liability to Third Persons
Dissolution of General Partnerships Under the UPA
31-8. Dissolution
31-8a. Causes of Dissolution
31-8b. Effects of Dissolution
31-9. Winding Up
31-9a. Distribution of Assets
31-9b. Marshaling of Assets
31-10. Continuation After Dissolution
31-10a. Right to Continue Partnership
31-10b. Rights of Creditors
Chapter Summary
Cases
Questions
Case Problems
Taking Sides
Chapter 32. Limited Partnerships and Limited Liability Companies
32-1. Limited Partnerships
32-1a. Definition
32-1b. Formation
32-1c. Rights
32-1d. Duties and Liabilities
32-1e. Dissolution
32-2. Limited Liability Companies
32-2a. Formation
32-2b. Rights of Members
32-2c. Duties
32-2d. Liabilities
32-2e. Dissolution
32-2f. Mergers and Conversions
32-3. Other Types of Unincorporated Business Associations
32-3a. Limited Liability Partnerships
32-3b. Limited Liability Limited Partnerships
Chapter Summary
Cases
Questions
Case Problems
Taking Sides
Part 7. Corporations
Chapter 33. Nature, Formation, and Powers
Nature of Corporations
33-1. Corporate Attributes
33-1a. Legal Entity
33-1b. Creature of the State
33-1c. Limited Liability
33-1d. Free Transferability of Corporate Shares
33-1e. Perpetual Existence
33-1f. Centralized Management
33-1g. As a Person
33-1h. As a Citizen
33-2. Classification of Corporations
33-2a. Public or Private
33-2b. Profit or Nonprofit
33-2c. Domestic or Foreign
33-2d. Publicly Held or Closely Held
33-2e. Subchapter S Corporation
33-2f. Professional Corporations
Formation of a Corporation
33-3. Organizing the Corporation
33-3a. Promoters
33-3b. Subscribers
33-3c. Selection of State for Incorporation
33-4. Formalities of Incorporation
33-4a. Selection of Name
33-4b. Incorporators
33-4c. Articles of Incorporation
33-4d. Organizational Meeting
33-4e. Bylaws
Recognition or Disregard of Corporateness
33-5. Defective Incorporation
33-5a. Common Law Approach
33-5b. Statutory Approach
33-6. Piercing the Corporate Veil
33-6a. Closely Held Corporations
33-6b. Parent-Subsidiary Corporations
Corporate Powers
33-7. Sources of Corporate Powers
33-7a. Statutory Powers
33-7b. Purposes
33-8. Ultra Vires Acts
33-8a. Effect of Ultra Vires Acts
33-8b. Remedies for Ultra Vires Acts
33-9. Liability for Torts and Crimes
Chapter Summary
Cases
Questions
Case Problems
Taking Sides
Chapter 34. Financial Structure
Debt Securities
34-1. Authority to Issue Debt Securities
34-2. Types of Debt Securities
34-2a. Unsecured Bonds
34-2b. Secured Bonds
34-2c. Income Bonds
34-2d. Convertible Bonds
34-2e. Callable Bonds
Equity Securities
34-3. Issuance of Shares
34-3a. Authority to Issue Shares
34-3b. Preemptive Rights
34-3c. Amount of Consideration for Shares
34-3d. Payment for Shares
34-3e. Liability for Shares
34-4. Classes of Shares
34-4a. Common Stock
34-4b. Preferred Stock
34-4c. Stock Options
Dividends and Other Distributions
34-5. Types of Dividends and Other Distributions
34-5a. Cash Dividends
34-5b. Property Dividends
34-5c. Stock Dividends
34-5d. Stock Splits
34-5e. Liquidating Dividends
34-5f. Redemption of Shares
34-5g. Acquisition of Shares
34-6. Legal Restrictions on Dividends and Other Distributions
34-6a. Definitions
34-6b. Legal Restrictions on Cash Dividends
34-6c. Legal Restrictions on Liquidating Distributions
34-6d. Legal Restrictions on Redemption and Acquisition of Shares
34-7. Declaration and Payment of Distributions
34-7a. Shareholders’ Right to Compel a Dividend
34-7b. Effect of Declaration of a Dividend
34-8. Liability for Improper Dividends and Distributions
Chapter Summary
Cases
Questions
Case Problems
Taking Sides
Chapter 35. Management Structure
Corporate Governance
Role of Shareholders
35-1. Voting Rights of Shareholders
35-1a. Shareholder Meetings
35-1b. Quorum and Voting
35-1c. Election of Directors
35-1d. Removal of Directors
35-1e. Approval of Fundamental Changes
35-1f. Concentrations of Voting Power
35-1g. Restrictions on Transfer of Shares
35-2. Enforcement Rights of Shareholders
35-2a. Right to Inspect Books and Records
35-2b. Shareholder Suits
35-2c. Shareholder’s Right to Dissent
Role of Directors and Officers
35-3. Function of the Board of Directors
35-3a. Selection and Removal of Officers
35-3b. Capital Structure
35-3c. Fundamental Changes
35-3d. Dividends
35-3e. Management Compensation
35-4. Election and Tenure of Directors
35-4a. Election, Number, and Tenure of Directors
35-4b. Vacancies and Removal of Directors
35-4c. Compensation of Directors
35-5. Exercise of Directors’ Functions
35-5a. Quorum and Voting
35-5b. Action Taken Without a Meeting
35-5c. Delegation of Board Powers
35-5d. Directors’ Inspection Rights
35-6. Officers
35-6a. Selection and Removal of Officers
35-6b. Role of Officers
35-6c. Authority of Officers
35-7. Duties of Directors and Officers
35-7a. Duty of Obedience
35-7b. Duty of Diligence
35-7c. Duty of Loyalty
35-7d. Indemnification of Directors and Officers
35-7e. Liability Limitation Statutes
Chapter Summary
Cases
Questions
Case Problems
Taking Sides
Chapter 36. Fundamental Changes
36-1. Charter Amendments
36-1a. Approval by Directors and Shareholders
36-1b. Approval by Directors
36-2. Combinations
36-2a. Purchase or Lease of All or Substantially All of the Assets
36-2b. Purchase of Shares
36-2c. Compulsory Share Exchange
36-2d. Merger
36-2e. Consolidation
36-2f. Domestication and Conversion
36-2g. Going Private Transactions
36-2h. Dissenting Shareholders
36-3. Dissolution
36-3a. Voluntary Dissolution
36-3b. Involuntary Dissolution
36-3c. Liquidation
36-3d. Protection of Creditors
Chapter Summary
Cases
Questions
Case Problems
Taking Sides
Part 8. Debtor and Creditor Relations
Chapter 37. Secured Transactions and Suretyship
Secured Transactions in Personal Property
37-1. Essentials of Secured Transactions
37-2. Classification of Collateral
37-2a. Goods
37-2b. Indispensable Paper
37-2c. Intangibles
37-2d. Other Kinds of Collateral
37-3. Attachment
37-3a. Value
37-3b. Debtor’s Rights in Collateral
37-4. Perfection
37-4a. Filing a Financing Statement
37-4b. Possession
37-4c. Automatic Perfection
37-4d. Temporary Perfection
37-4e. Perfection by Control
37-5. Priorities among Competing Interests
37-5a. Against Unsecured Creditors
37-5b. Against other Secured Creditors
37-5c. Against Buyers
37-5d. Against Lien Creditors
37-5e. Against Trustee in Bankruptcy
37-6. Default
37-6a. Repossession
37-6b. Sale of Collateral
37-6c. Acceptance of Collateral
Suretyship
37-7. Nature and Formation
37-7a. Types of Sureties
37-7b. Particular Kinds of Suretyships
37-7c. Formation
37-8. Duties of Surety
37-9. Rights of Surety
37-9a. Exoneration
37-9b. Reimbursement
37-9c. Subrogation
37-9d. Contribution
37-10. Defenses of Surety and Principal Debtor
37-10a. Personal Defenses of Principal Debtor
37-10b. Personal Defenses of Surety
37-10c. Defenses of Both Surety and Principal Debtor
Chapter Summary
Cases
Questions
Case Problems
Taking Sides
Chapter 38. Bankruptcy
Federal Bankruptcy Law
38-1. Case Administration—Chapter 3
38-1a. Commencement of the Case
38-1b. Dismissal
38-1c. Automatic Stays
38-1d. Trustees
38-1e. Meetings of Creditors
38-2. Creditors, the Debtor, and the Estate—Chapter 5
38-2a. Creditors
38-2b. Debtors
38-2c. The Estate
38-3. Liquidation—Chapter 7
38-3a. Proceedings
38-3b. Conversion
38-3c. Dismissal
38-3d. Distribution of the Estate
38-3e. Discharge
38-4. Reorganization—Chapter 11
38-4a. Proceedings
38-4b. Plan of Reorganization
38-4c. Acceptance of Plan
38-4d. Confirmation of Plan
38-4e. Effect of Confirmation
38-5. Adjustment of Debts of Individuals—Chapter 13
38-5a. Proceedings
38-5b. Conversion or Dismissal
38-5c. The Plan
38-5d. Confirmation of Plan
38-5e. Effect of Confirmation
38-5f. Discharge
Creditors’ Rights and Debtor’s Relief Outside of Bankruptcy
38-6. Creditors’ Rights
38-6a. Prejudgment Remedies
38-6b. Postjudgment Remedies
38-7. Debtor’s Relief
38-7a. Compositions
38-7b. Assignments for Benefit of Creditors
38-7c. Equity Receiverships
Chapter Summary
Cases
Questions
Case Problems
Taking Sides
Part 9. Regulation of Business
Chapter 39. Protection of Intellectual Property
39-1. Trade Secrets
39-1a. State Protection of Trade Secrets
39-1b. Federal Protection of Trade Secrets
39-2. Trade Symbols
39-2a. Types of Trade Symbols
39-2b. Registration
39-2c. Infringement
39-2d. Remedies
39-3. Trade Names
39-4. Copyrights
39-4a. Registration
39-4b. Rights
39-4c. Ownership
39-4d. Infringement and Remedies
39-5. Patents
39-5a. Patentability
39-5b. Issuance of Patents
39-5c. Infringement
39-5d. Remedies
Chapter Summary
Cases
Questions
Case Problems
Taking Sides
Chapter 40. Antitrust
40-1. Sherman Act
40-1a. Restraint of Trade
40-1b. Monopolies
40-2. Clayton Act
40-2a. Tying Contracts and Exclusive Dealing
40-2b. Mergers
40-3. Robinson-Patman Act
40-3a. Primary-Line Injury
40-3b. Secondary- and Tertiary-Line Injury
40-3c. Cost Justification
40-3d. Meeting Competition
40-4. Federal Trade Commission Act
Chapter Summary
Cases
Questions
Case Problems
Taking Sides
Chapter 41. Consumer Protection
41-1. State and Federal Consumer Protection Agencies
41-1a. State and Local Consumer Protection Agencies
41-1b. The Federal Trade Commission
41-1c. The Consumer Product Safety Commission
41-1d. Consumer Financial Protection Bureau
41-1e. Other Federal Consumer Protection Agencies
41-2. Consumer Purchases
41-2a. Federal Warranty Protection
41-2b. State “Lemon Laws”
41-2c. Consumer Right of Rescission
41-3. Consumer Credit Transactions
41-3a. Access to the Market
41-3b. Disclosure Requirements
41-3c. Contract Terms
41-3d. Consumer Credit Card Fraud
41-3e. Fair Credit Reportage
41-3f. Credit Card Bill of Rights
41-4. Creditors’ Remedies
41-4a. Wage Assignments and Garnishment
41-4b. Security Interests in Goods
41-4c. Debt Collection Practices
Chapter Summary
Cases
Questions
Case Problems
Taking Sides
Chapter 42. Employment Law
42-1. Labor Law
42-1a. Norris-La Guardia Act
42-1b. National Labor Relations Act
42-1c. Labor-Management Relations Act
42-1d. Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act
42-2. Employment Discrimination Law
42-2a. Equal Pay Act
42-2b. Civil Rights Act of 1964
42-2c. Executive Order
42-2d. Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967
42-2e. Disability Law
42-2f. Genetic Information Discrimination
42-3. Employee Protection
42-3a. Employee Termination at Will
42-3b. Occupational Safety and Health Act
42-3c. Employee Privacy
42-3d. Workers’ Compensation
42-3e. Social Security and Unemployment Insurance
42-3f. Fair Labor Standards Act
42-3g. Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act
42-3h. Family and Medical Leave Act
Chapter Summary
Cases
Questions
Case Problems
Taking Sides
Chapter 43. Securities Regulation
Securities Act of 1933
43-1. Definition of a Security
43-2. Registration of Securities
43-2a. Disclosure Requirements
43-2b. Integrated Disclosure
43-2c. Shelf Registrations
43-2d. Communications
43-2e. Emerging Growth Companies
43-3. Exempt Securities
43-3a. Short-Term Commercial Paper
43-3b. Other Exempt Securities
43-4. Exempt Transactions for Issuers
43-4a. Limited Offers
43-4b. Crowdfunding Exemption
43-4c. Regulation A
43-4d. Intrastate Issues
43-5. Exempt Transactions for Nonissuers
43-5a. Rule 144
43-5b. Rule 144A
43-5c. Regulation A
43-6. Liability
43-6a. Unregistered Sales
43-6b. False Registration Statements
43-6c. Antifraud Provisions
43-6d. Criminal Sanctions
Securities Exchange Act of 1934
43-7. Disclosure
43-7a. Registration Requirements for Securities
43-7b. Periodic Reporting Requirements
43-7c. Proxy Solicitations
43-7d. Tender Offers
43-7e. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act
43-8. Liability
43-8a. Misleading Statements in Reports
43-8b. Short-Swing Profits
43-8c. Antifraud Provision
43-8d. Express Insider Trading Liability
43-8e. Civil Monetary Penalties for Insider Trading
43-8f. Misleading Proxy Statements
43-8g. Fraudulent Tender Offers
43-8h. Antibribery Provision of FCPA
43-8i. Criminal Sanctions
Chapter Summary
Cases
Questions
Case Problems
Taking Sides
Chapter 44. Accountants’ Legal Liability
44-1. Common Law
44-1a. Contract Liability
44-1b. Criminal Liability
44-1c. Client Information
44-2. Federal Securities Law
44-2a. Securities Act of 1933
44-2b. Securities Exchange Act of 1934
Chapter Summary
Cases
Questions
Case Problems
Taking Sides
Chapter 45. Environmental Law
Common Law Actions for Environmental Damage
45-1. Nuisance
45-1a. Private Nuisance
45-1b. Public Nuisance
45-2. Trespass to Land
45-3. Strict Liability for Abnormally Dangerous Activities
45-4. Problems Common to Private Causes of Action
Federal Regulation of the Environment
45-5. The National Environmental Policy Act
45-5a. The Council on Environmental Quality
45-5b. Environmental Impact Statements
45-6. The Clean Air Act
45-6a. Existing Stationary Sources and Motor Vehicles then in Use
45-6b. New Source Standards
45-7. The Clean Water Act
45-7a. Point Sources
45-7b. Nonpoint Source Pollution
45-7c. New Source Performance Standards
45-8. Hazardous Substances
45-8a. The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act
45-8b. The Toxic Substances Control Act
45-8c. The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
45-8d. The Superfund
45-9. International Protection of the Ozone Layer
Chapter Summary
Cases
Questions
Case Problems
Taking Sides
Chapter 46. International Business Law
46-1. The International Environment
46-1a. International Court of Justice
46-1b. Regional Trade Communities
46-1c. International Treaties
46-2. Jurisdiction Over Actions of Foreign Governments
46-2a. Sovereign Immunity
46-2b. Act of State Doctrine
46-2c. Taking of Foreign Investment Property
46-3. Transacting Business Abroad
46-3a. Flow of Trade
46-3b. Flow of Labor
46-3c. Flow of Capital
46-3d. International Contracts
46-3e. Antitrust Laws
46-3f. Securities Regulation
46-3g. Protection of Intellectual Property
46-3h. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act
46-3i. Employment Discrimination
46-4. Forms of Multinational Enterprises
46-4a. Direct Export Sales
46-4b. Foreign Agents
46-4c. Distributorships
46-4d. Licensing
46-4e. Joint Ventures
46-4f. Wholly Owned Subsidiaries
Chapter Summary
Cases
Questions
Case Problems
Taking Sides
Part 10. Property
Chapter 47. Introduction to Property, Property Insurance, Bailments, and Documents of Title
Introduction to Property and Personal Property
47-1. Kinds of Property
47-1a. Tangible and Intangible
47-1b. Real and Personal
47-1c. Fixtures
47-2. Transfer of Title to Personal Property
47-2a. By Sale
47-2b. By Gift
47-2c. By Will or Descent
47-2d. By Accession
47-2e. By Confusion
47-2f. By Possession
Property Insurance
47-3. Fire and Property Insurance
47-3a. Types of Fire Covered
47-3b. Co-Insurance Clauses
47-3c. Other Insurance Clauses
47-3d. Types of Policies
47-4. Nature of Insurance Contracts
47-4a. Offer and Acceptance
47-4b. Insurable Interest
47-4c. Premiums
47-4d. Defenses of the Insurer
47-4e. Waiver and Estoppel
47-4f. Termination
Bailments and Documents of Title
47-5. Bailments
47-5a. Essential Elements of a Bailment
47-5b. Rights and Duties of Bailor and Bailee
47-5c. Special Types of Bailments
47-6. Documents of Title
47-6a. Types of Documents of Title
47-6b. Negotiability of Documents of Title
47-6c. Due Negotiation
47-6d. Warranties
47-6e. Ineffective Documents of Title
Chapter Summary
Cases
Questions
Case Problems
Taking Sides
Chapter 48. Interests in Real Property
48-1. Freehold Estates
48-1a. Fee Estates
48-1b. Life Estates
48-1c. Future Interests
48-2. Leasehold Estates
48-2a. Creation and Duration
48-2b. Transfer of Interests
48-2c. Tenant’s Obligations
48-2d. Landlord’s Obligations
48-3. Concurrent Ownership
48-3a. Tenancy in Common
48-3b. Joint Tenancy
48-3c. Tenancy by the Entireties
48-3d. Community Property
48-3e. Condominiums
48-3f. Cooperatives
48-4. Nonpossessory Interests
48-4a. Definition of Easements
48-4b. Types of Easements
48-4c. Creation of Easements
48-4d. Profits À Prendre
48-4e. Licenses
Chapter Summary
Cases
Questions
Case Problems
Taking Sides
Chapter 49. Transfer and Control of Real Property
Transfer of Real Property
49-1. Contract of Sale
49-1a. Formation
49-1b. Marketable Title
49-1c. Implied Warranty of Habitability
49-2. Deeds
49-2a. Types of Deeds
49-2b. Formal Requirements
49-2c. Delivery of Deeds
49-2d. Recordation
49-3. Secured Transactions
49-3a. Form of Mortgages
49-3b. Rights and Duties
49-3c. Mortgage Regulation
49-3d. Transfer of Mortgage Interests
49-3e. Foreclosure
49-4. Adverse Possession
Public and Private Controls
49-5. Zoning
49-5a. Enabling Acts and Zoning Ordinances
49-5b. Variance
49-5c. Nonconforming Uses
49-5d. Judicial Review of Zoning
49-5e. Subdivision Master Plans
49-6. Eminent Domain
49-6a. Public Use
49-7. Private Restrictions Upon Land Use
49-7a. Covenants Running with the Land
49-7b. Restrictive Covenants in Subdivisions
49-7c. Termination of Restrictive Covenants
49-7d. Validity of Restrictive Covenants
Chapter Summary
Cases
Questions
Case Problems
Taking Sides
Chapter 50. Trusts and Decedents’ Estates
Trusts
50-1. Types of Trusts
50-1a. Express Trusts
50-1b. Implied Trusts
50-2. Creation of Trusts
50-2a. Settlor
50-2b. Trust Corpus or Property
50-2c. Trustee
50-2d. Beneficiary
50-3. Termination of a Trust
Decedents’ Estates
50-4. Wills
50-4a. Mental Capacity
50-4b. Formal Requirements of a Will
50-4c. Revocation of a Will
50-4d. Effectiveness of Testamentary Provisions
50-4e. Special Types of Wills
50-5. Intestate Succession
50-6. Administration of Estates
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