Writing Arguments A Rhetoric with Readings 7th edition by John Ramage, John Bean, June Johnson – Ebook PDF Instant Download/Delivery: 0321964284 , 978-0321964281
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Product details:
ISBN 10: 0321964284
ISBN 13: 978-0321964281
Author: John Ramage, John Bean, June Johnson
The most thorough theoretical foundation available
Writing Arguments: A Rhetoric with Readings, Concise Edition, 7/e integrates four different approaches to argument: the enthymeme as a logical structure, the classical concepts of logos, pathos, and ethos, the Toulmin system, and stasis theory. Focusing on argument as dialogue in search of solutions instead of a pro-con debate with winners and losers, it is consistently praised for teaching the critical-thinking skills needed for writing arguments. Major assignment chapters each focus on one or two classical stases (e.g. definition, resemblance, causal, evaluation, and policy). Each concept is immediately reinforced with discussion prompts, and each chapter ends with multiple comprehensive writing assignments.
Writing Arguments A Rhetoric with Readings 7th Table of contents:
Part One Overview of Argument
1 Argument: An Introduction
What Do We Mean by Argument?
Argument Is Not a Fight or a Quarrel
Argument Is Not Pro-Con Debate
Arguments Can Be Explicit or Implicit
The Defining Features of Argument
Argument Requires Justification of Its Claims
Argument Is Both a Process and a Product
Argument Combines Truth Seeking and Persuasion
Argument and the Problem of Truth
For Class Discussion Role-Playing Arguments
2 Argument as Inquiry Reading and Exploring
Finding Issues to Explore
Do Some Initial Brainstorming
Be Open to the Issues All around You
For Class Discussion Responding to Visual Arguments about a Living Wage
Explore Ideas by Freewriting
Explore Ideas by Idea Mapping
Explore Ideas by Playing the Believing and Doubting Game
For Class Discussion Playing the Believing and Doubting Game
Individual task:
Group task:
Reading Texts Rhetorically
Genres of Argument
Authorial Purpose and Audience
Determining Degree of Advocacy
For Class Discussion Placing Readings in Their Rhetorical Context
Reading to Believe an Argument’s Claims
Summary Writing as a Way of Reading to Believe
For Class Discussion Writing Does/Says Statements
Work Cited
Practicing Believing: Willing Your Own Belief in the Writer’s Views
Reading to Doubt
For Class Discussion Raising Doubts about Surowiecki’s Argument
Thinking Dialectically
For Class Discussion Practicing Dialectic Thinking with Two Articles
Individual task:
Group task:
Three Ways to Foster Dialectic Thinking
Effective Discussions
Reading Logs
A Formal Exploratory Essay
Writing Assignment An Argument Summary or A Formal Exploratory Essay
Reading
Works Cited
Part Two Writing an Argument
3 The Core of an Argument A Claim with Reasons
The Classical Structure of Argument
Classical Appeals and the Rhetorical Triangle
Issue Questions as the Origins of Argument
Difference between an Issue Question and an Information Question
How to Identify an Issue Question
For Class Discussion Information Questions versus Issue Questions
Difference between a Genuine Argument and a Pseudo-Argument
Pseudo-Arguments: Committed Believers and Fanatical Skeptics
A Closer Look at Pseudo-Arguments: The Lack of Shared Assumptions
Shared Assumptions and the Problem of Ideology
Shared Assumptions and the Problem of Personal Opinions
For Class Discussion Reasonable Arguments versus Pseudo-Arguments
Frame of an Argument: A Claim Supported by Reasons
What Is a Reason?
Expressing Reasons in Because Clauses
For Class Discussion Developing Claims and Reasons
Writing Assignment An Issue Question and Working Thesis Statements
4 The Logical Structure of Arguments
An Overview of Logos: What Do We Mean by the “Logical Structure” of an Argument?
Formal Logic versus Real-World Logic
The Role of Assumptions
The Core of an Argument: The Enthymeme
The Power of Audience-Based Reasons
For Class Discussion Identifying Underlying Assumptions and Choosing Audience-Based Reasons
Adopting a Language for Describing Arguments: The Toulmin System
For Class Discussion Developing Enthymemes with the Toulmin Schema
Using Toulmin’s Schema to Plan and Test Your Argument
Hypothetical Example: Cheerleaders as Athletes
Extended Student Example: Girls and Violent Video Games
The Thesis-Governed “Self-Announcing” Structure of Classical Argument
For Class Discussion Reasons, Warrants, and Conditions of Rebuttal
Individual task:
Group task:
Writing Assignment Plan of an Argument’s Details
5 Using Evidence Effectively
Kinds of Evidence
The Persuasive Use of Evidence
Apply the STAR Criteria to Evidence
Sufficiency of Evidence
Typicality of Evidence
Accuracy of Evidence
Relevance of Evidence
Establish a Trustworthy Ethos
Be Mindful of a Source’s Distance from the Original Data
Rhetorical Understanding of Evidence
Angle of Vision and the Selection and Framing of Evidence
For Class Discussion Creating Contrasting Angles of Vision
Rhetorical Strategies for Framing Evidence
Special Strategies for Framing Statistical Evidence
For Class Discussion Using Strategies to Frame Statistical Evidence
Creating a Plan for Gathering Evidence
Writing Assignment A Supporting-Reasons Argument
6 Moving Your Audience Ethos, Pathos, and Kairos
Ethos and Pathos as Persuasive Appeals: An Overview
How to Create an Effective Ethos: The Appeal to Credibility
How to Create Pathos: The Appeal to Beliefs and Emotions
Use Concrete Language
Use Specific Examples and Illustrations
Use Narratives
Use Words, Metaphors, and Analogies with Appropriate Connotations
For Class Discussion Incorporating Appeals to Pathos
Kairos: The Timeliness and Fitness of Arguments
For Class Discussion Analyzing an Argument’s Appeals
Using Images to Appeal to Logos, Ethos, Pathos, and Kairos
For Class Discussion Analyzing Images as Appeals to Pathos
How Audience-Based Reasons Enhance Logos, Ethos, and Pathos
For Class Discussion Planning an Audience-Based Argumentative Strategy
Writing Assignment Revising a Draft for Ethos, Pathos, and Audience-Based Reasons
7 Responding to Objections and Alternative Views
One-Sided, Multisided, and Dialogic Arguments
Determining Your Audience’s Resistance to Your Views
Appealing to a Supportive Audience: One-sided Argument
Appealing to a Neutral or Undecided Audience: Classical Argument
Summarizing Opposing Views
Refuting Opposing Views
Strategies for Rebutting Evidence
Conceding to Opposing Views
Example of a Student Essay Using Refutation Strategy
Works Cited
For Writing and Class Discussion Refutation Strategies
Appealing to a Resistant Audience: Dialogic Argument
Creating a Dialogic Argument with a Delayed Thesis
Writing a Delayed-Thesis Argument
A More Open-Ended Approach: Rogerian communication
Rogerian Communication as Growth for the Writer
Rogerian Communication as Collaborative Negotiation
Writing Rogerian Communication
Works Cited
Writing Assignment A Classical Argument or a Rogerian Letter
Reading
Works Cited
Part Three Analyzing Arguments
8 Analyzing Arguments Rhetorically
Thinking Rhetorically about a Text
Questions for Rhetorical Analysis
Conducting Rhetorical Analysis
For Class Discussion Identifying Rhetorical Features
Our Own Rhetorical Analysis of “Egg Heads”
Rhetorical Context
Genre and Writer
Logos
Pathos
Audience
Use of Evidence
Concluding points
Writing Assignment A Rhetorical Analysis
Generating Ideas for Your Rhetorical Analysis
Organizing Your Rhetorical Analysis
Readings
Works Cited
9 Analyzing Visual Arguments
Understanding Design Elements in Visual Argument
The Components of Visual Design
An Analysis of a Visual Argument Using Type and Spatial Elements
The Compositional Features of Photographs and Drawings
An Analysis of a Visual Argument Using All the Design Components
For Class Discussion Analyzing Photos and Drawings Rhetorically
The Genres of Visual Arguments
Posters and Fliers
Public Affairs Advocacy Advertisements
For Class Discussion Analyzing an Advocacy Poster Rhetorically
Cartoons
For Class Discussion Analyzing Cartoons
Web Pages
Constructing Your Own Visual Argument
For Class Discussion Developing Ideas for an Advocacy Ad or Poster Argument
Using Information Graphics in Arguments
How Tables Contain a Variety of Stories
Using a Graph to Tell a Story
Bar Graphs
Pie Charts
Line Graphs
Incorporating Graphics into Your Argument
Designing the Graphic
Numbering, Labeling, and Titling the Graphic
Referencing the Graphic in Your Text
Writing Assignment A Visual Argument Rhetorical Analysis, a Visual Argument, or a Microtheme Using Quantitative Data
Part Four Arguments in Depth Types of Claims
10 An Introduction to the Types of Claims
The Types of Claims and Their Typical Patterns of Development
Using Claim Types to Focus an Argument and Generate Ideas: An Example
Writer 1: Ban E-Cigarettes
Writer 2: Promote E-Cigarettes as a Preferred Alternative to Real Cigarettes
Writer 3: Place No Restrictions on E-Cigarettes
Hybrid Arguments: How Claim Types Work Together in Arguments
Some Examples of Hybrid Arguments
For Class Discussion Exploring Different Claim Types and Audiences
An Extended Example of a Hybrid Argument
11 Definition and Resemblance Arguments
What is at Stake in a Categorical Argument?
Consequences Resulting from Categorical Claims
The Rule of Justice: Things in the Same Category Should Be Treated the Same Way
For Class Discussion Applying the Rule of Justice
Types of categorical Arguments
Simple Categorical Arguments
For Class Discussion Supporting and Rebutting Simple Categorical Claims
Definition Arguments
Resemblance Argument Using Analogy
For Class Discussion Developing Analogies
Resemblance Arguments Using Precedent
For Class Discussion Using Claims of Precedent
The Criteria-Match Structure of Definition Arguments
Overview of Criteria-Match Structure
Toulmin Framework for a Definition Argument
For Class Discussion Identifying Criteria and Match Issues
Creating Criteria Using Aristotelian Definition
Creating Criteria Using an Operational Definition
Conducting the Match Part of a Definition Argument
Idea-Generating Strategies for Creating Your Own Criteria-Match Argument
Strategy 1: Research How Others Have Defined the Term
Strategy 2: Create Your Own Extended Definition*
For Writing and Class Discussion Developing a Definition
Individual task:
Group task:
Writing Assignment A Definition Argument
Reading
Critiquing “A Pirate But Not a Thief: What Does ‘Stealing’ Mean in a Digital Environment?”
12 Causal Arguments
An Overview of Causal Arguments
Kinds of Causal Arguments
Toulmin Framework for a Causal Argument
For Class Discussion Developing Causal Chains
Two Methods for Arguing that One Event Causes Another
First Method: Explain the Causal Mechanism Directly
Second Method: Infer Causal Links Using Inductive Reasoning
Three Ways of Thinking Inductively
For Class Discussion Developing Plausible Causal Chains Based on Correlations
Key Terms and Inductive Fallacies in Causal Arguments
A Glossary of Key Terms
Avoiding Common Inductive Fallacies that Can Lead to Wrong Conclusions
For Class Discussion Brainstorming Causes and Constraints
Writing Assignment A Causal Argument
Exploring Ideas
Identifying Your Audience and Determining What’s at Stake
Organizing a Causal Argument
Questioning and Critiquing a Causal Argument
Reading
References
13 Evaluation and Ethical Arguments
An Overview of Categorical and Ethical Evaluation Arguments
Constructing a Categorical Evaluation Argument
Criteria-Match Structure of Categorical Evaluations
Developing Your Criteria
Step 1: Place the Thing You Are Evaluating in the Smallest Relevant Category
Step 2: Develop Criteria for Your Evaluation Based on the Purpose or Functions of This Category
Step 3: Determine the relative weight of your criteria
Making Your Match Argument
For Class Discussion Developing Criteria/Match Arguments
Constructing an Ethical Evaluation Argument
Consequences as the Base of Ethics
Principles as the Base of Ethics
Example Ethical Arguments Examining Capital Punishment
For Writing and Discussion Developing an Ethical Argument
Individual task:
Group task:
Common Problems in Making Evaluation Arguments
Writing Assignment An Evaluation or Ethical Argument
Exploring Ideas
Identifying Your Audience and Determining What’s at Stake
Organizing an Evaluation Argument
Critiquing a Categorical Evaluation Argument
Critiquing an Ethical Argument
Readings
Works Cited
14 Proposal Arguments
The Special Features and Concerns of Proposal Arguments
Practical Proposals versus Policy Proposals
Toulmin Framework for a Proposal Argument
Special Concerns for Proposal Arguments
Developing a Proposal Argument
Convincing Your Readers that a Problem Exists
Showing the Specifics of Your Proposal
Convincing Your Readers that the Benefits of Your Proposal Outweigh the Costs
Using Heuristic Strategies to Develop Supporting Reasons for Your Proposal
The “Claim Types” Strategy
For Class Discussion Generating Ideas Using the Claim Types Strategy
The “Stock Issues” Strategy
For Class Discussion Brainstorming Ideas for a Proposal
Proposal Arguments as Advocacy Posters or Advertisements
Writing Assignment A Proposal Argument
Exploring Ideas
Identifying Your Audience and Determining What’s at Stake
Organizing a Proposal Argument
Designing a One-Page Advocacy Advertisement
Designing PowerPoint Slides or Other Visual Aids for a Speech
Questioning and Critiquing a Proposal Argument
Reading
Works Cited
Appendix 1 Informal Fallacies
Fallacies of Pathos
Fallacies of Ethos
Fallacies of Logos
Appendix 2 A Concise Guide to Evaluating, Using, and Documenting Sources
Evaluating Your Sources by Reading Rhetorically
Reading with Your Own Goals in Mind
Reading with Rhetorical Awareness
Taking Purposeful Notes
Recording Bibliographic Information
Recording Ideas and Information and Responding to Each Source
Evaluating Sources
Reliability
Credibility
Angle of Vision and Political Stance
Degree of Advocacy
Criteria for Evaluating a Web Source
Using Sources for Your Own Purposes
Using Summary, Paraphrase, and Quotation
Summarizing
Paraphrasing
Quoting
Quoting a Complete Sentence
Quoting Words and Phrases
Creating Attributive Tags to Indicate Use of a Source
Avoiding Plagiarism
Why Some Plagiarism May Occur Unwittingly
Strategies for Avoiding Plagiarism
For Class and Discussion Avoiding Plagiarism
Citing Sources in Your Text in MLA Style
Documenting Sources in a “Works Cited” List (MLA)
Student Example of an MLA-Style Research Paper
Citing Sources in Your Text in APA Style
Documenting Sources in a “References” List (APA)
Student Example of an APA-Style Research Paper
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